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This is a list of English language words borrowed from indigenous languages of the Americas, either directly or through intermediate European languages such as Spanish or French. † indicates a link to a definition of the word. It does not cover names of ethnic groups or place names derived from indigenous languages.

Most words of Native American language origin are the common names for indigenous flora and fauna, or describe items of Native American life and culture. Some few are names applied in honor of Native Americans or due to a vague similarity to the original object of the word. For instance, sequoias are named in honor of the Cherokee leader Sequoyah, who lived 2000 miles east of that tree's range while the kinkajou of South American was given a name from an unrelated North American animal 2000 miles to the north.

Contents

Words from Algonquian languages

Since Native Americans speaking a language of the Algonquian group were generally the first to meet English explorers and settlers along the Eastern Seaboard, many words from these languages made their way into English.

In addition, a great number of place names in North America are Algonquian names, for example: Mississippi (cf. Illinois mihsisiipiiwi and Ojibwe misiziibi, "great river," referring to the Mississippi River)[1][2] and Michigan (cf. Illinois meehcakamiwi, Ojibwe Mishigami, "great sea," referring to Lake Michigan).[3][2] (See Category:Algonquian toponyms.) Even Canadian provinces and U.S. states, districts, counties and municipalities bear Algonquian names, such as Québec, Wyoming, District of Keewatin, Outagamie County, Wisconsin and Chicago, Illinois, or Algonquian-derived names, such as Algoma.

In addition, a number of Native American groups are known better by their Algonquian exonyms, rather than by their autonym, such as the Eskimo (see below), Winnebago (perhaps from Potawatomi winpyéko, "(people of the) dirty water"),[4] Sioux (ultimately from Ottawa naadowesiwag),[4] Assiniboine (Ojibwe asiniibwaan, "stone Sioux")[2] and Chipewyan (Cree čīpwayān, "(those who have) pointed skins or hides").[5]

Apishamore †
From a word in an Algonquian language meaning "something to lie down upon"[6] (c.f. Ojibwe apishimon).[2]
Atamasco lily †
Earlier "attamusca", from Powhatan.[7][8]
Babiche †
From Míkmaq ápapíj (from ápapi, "cord, thread", Proto-Algonquian *aʔrapa·pyi, from *aʔrapy-, "net" + *-a·by-, "string".[9]
Caribou †
From Míkmaq qalipu, "snow-shoveler" (from qalipi, "shovel snow", Proto-Algonquian *maka·ripi-).[10]
Chinkapin †
From Powhatan <chechinquamins>,[11] reconstituted as */ʧiːhʧiːnkweːmins/, the plural form.[12]
Chipmunk †
Originally "chitmunk," from Odawa jidmoonh[13] /ʧɪtmő/ (c.f. Ojibwe ajidamoo(nh)),[2] "red squirrel".
Cisco †
Originally "siscowet," from Ojibwe language bemidewiskaawed "greasy-bodied [fish]".[14]
Eskimo †
From Old Montagnais <aiachkimeou> (/aːjasʧimeːw/) (modern ayassimēw), meaning "snowshoe-netter" (often incorrectly claimed to be from an Ojibwe word meaning "eaters of raw [meat]"), and originally used to refer to the Mikmaq.[15][16]
Hackmatack †
From an Algonquian language akemantak (c.f. Ojibwe aagimaandag), "snowshoe boughs".
Hickory †
From Powhatan <pocohiquara>, "milky drink made with hickory nuts".[17][18]
Hominy †
From Powhatan <uskatahomen>/<usketchaumun>, literally "that which is treated", in this case "that which is ground/beaten".[19]
Husky †
Ultimately from a variant form of the word "Eskimo" (see above).[20]
Kinkajou †
From an Algonquian word meaning "wolverine" (c.f. Algonquin kwingwaage, Ojibwe gwiingwa'aage),[2] through French quincajou.[21]
Kinnikinnick †
From Unami Delaware /kələkːəˈnikːan/, "mixture" (c.f. Ojibwe giniginige "to mix together something animate with something inanimate"),[2] from Proto-Algonquian *kereken-, "mix (it) with something different by hand".[22]
Mackinaw †
From michilmackinac, from Menomini mishilimaqkināhkw, "be large like a snapping turtle", or from Ojibwe mishi-makinaak, "large snapping turtle" with French -ile-, "island".
Moccasin †
From an Algonquian language, perhaps Powhatan <mockasin>,[23] reconstituted as */mahkesen/[24](c.f. Ojibwe makizin,[2] Míkmaq mɨkusun[25], from Proto-Algonquian *maxkeseni).[26]
Moose †
From Eastern Abenaki moz, reinforced by cognates from other Algonquian languages[27][28] (e.g. Massachusett/Narragansett moos,[28] Ojibwe moo(n)z,[2] Delaware mos), from Proto-Algonquian *mo·swa.[28]
Mugwump †
From "mugquomp", a shortening of Massachusett <muggumquomp>, "war chief" (Proto-Algonquian *memekwa·pe·wa, from *memekw-, "swift" + *-a·pe·, "man").[29]
Muskellunge †
Ultimately from Ojibwe maashkinoozhe,[2] "ugly pike" (c.f. ginoozhe, "pike").
Muskeg †
From Cree maskēk, "swamp"[30] (Proto-Algonquian *maškye·kwi).[31]
Muskrat †
A folk-etymologized reshaping of earlier "musquash", from Massachusett (c.f. Western Abenaki mòskwas), apparently from Proto-Algonquian *mo·šk, "bob (at the surface of the water)" + *-exkwe·-, "head" + a derivational ending).[31]
Opossum †
From Powhatan <apasum>/<opussum>/<aposoum>, "white dog-like animal",[32] reconstituted as */aːpassem/[33] (c.f. Proto-Algonquian *wa·p-aʔθemwa, "white dog").[34][35]
Papoose †
From Narragansett <papoòs>[36] or Massachusett <pappouse>, "baby".[37]
Pecan †
From Illinois pakani (c.f. Ojibwe bagaan),[2] "nut", from Proto-Algonquian *paka·ni.[38]
Pemmican †
From Cree pimihkān, from pimihkēw, "to make grease" (Proto-Algonquian *pemihke·wa, from *pemy-, "grease" + -ehke·, "to make").[39]
Persimmon †
From Powhatan <pessemins>/<pushemins>, reconstituted as */pessiːmin/.[40] While the final element reflects Proto-Algonquian *-min, "fruit, berry", the initial is unknown.[41]
Pipsissewa †
From Abenaki kpipskwáhsawe, "flower of the woods".[36][42]
Pokeweed †
Probably from "puccoon" (see below) + "weed".[36]
Pone †
From Powhatan <poan>/<appoans>, "something roasted" (reconstituted as */apoːn/)[43] (c.f. Ojibwe abwaan),[2] from Proto-Algonquian *apwa·n.[44]
Powwow †
From Narragansett powwaw, "shaman" (Proto-Algonquian *pawe·wa, "to dream, to have a vision").[45]
Puccoon †
From Powhatan <poughkone>,[36] reconstituted as */pakkan/[46] (c.f. Unami Delaware [peːkɔːn]).[47]
Pung
A low box-like sleigh designed for one horse. Shortened form of "tom-pung" (from the same etymon as "toboggan") from an Algonquian language of Southern New England.[48]
Punkie †
Via Dutch, from Munsee [ponkwəs] (Proto-Algonquian *penkwehsa, from *penkw-, "dust, ashes" + *-ehs, a diminutive suffix).[49]
Quahog †
From Narragansett <poquaûhock>.[50]
Quonset hut †
From an Algonquian language of southern New England, possibly meaning "small long place" (with <qunni->, "long" + <-s->, diminutive + <-et>, locative).[51]
Raccoon †
From Powhatan <arahkun>/<aroughcun>,[52] tentatively reconstituted as */aːreːhkan/.[53]
Sachem †
From an Algonquian language of southern New England,[54] c.f. Narragansett <sâchim> (Proto-Eastern Algonquian *sākimāw, "chief").[55]
Sagamore †
From Eastern Abenaki sakəma (c.f. Narragansett <sâchim>), "chief", from Proto-Eastern Algonquian *sākimāw.[55]
Shoepac †
From Unami Delaware [ʧipahkɔ] "shoes" (singular [ʧiːpːakw]), altered on analogy with English "shoe".[56]
Skunk †
From Massachusett <squnck> (Proto-Algonquian *šeka·kwa, from *šek-, "to urinate" + *-a·kw, "fox").[57]
Squash (fruit) †
From Narragansett <askútasquash>.[58]
Squaw †
From Massachusett <squa> (c.f. Cree iskwē, Ojibwe ikwe),[2] "woman", from Proto-Algonquian *eθkwe·wa.[58]
Succotash †
From Narragansett <msíckquatash>, "boiled whole kernels of corn" (Proto-Algonquian *mesi·nkwete·wari, singular *mesi·nkwete·, from *mes-, "whole" + *-i·nkw-, "eye [=kernel]" + -ete·, "to cook").[59]
Terrapin †
Originally "torope," from an Eastern Algonquian language, perhaps Powhatan (reconstituted as */toːrepeːw/)[60] (c.f. Munsee Delaware /toːlpeːw/),[61] from Proto-Eastern Algonquian *tōrəpēw.[62]
Toboggan †
From Míkmaq topaqan[63] or Maliseet-Passamaquoddy /tʰaˈpakən/[64] (Proto-Algonquian *weta·pye·kani, from *wet-, "to drag" + *-a·pye·-, "cordlike object" + *-kan, "instrument for").[63]
Tomahawk †
From Powhatan <tamahaac> (Proto-Algonquian *temaha·kani, from *temah-, "to cut" + *-a·kan, "instrument for").[65]
Totem †
From Ojibwe nindoodem, "my totem" or odoodeman, "his totem," referring to a kin group.[66]
Tuckahoe †
From Powhatan <tockawhoughe>/<tockwhough>/<taccaho>, "root used for bread", reconstituted as */takwahahk/[67] (perhaps from Proto-Algonquian *takwah-, "pound (it)/reduce (it) to flower").[68]
Tullibee †
From Old Ojibwe */otoːlipiː/[69] (modern odoonibii).[2]
Wampum †
Earlier "wampumpeag", from Massachusett, and meaning "white strings [of beads]" (c.f. Maliseet: wapapiyik, Eastern Abenaki wápapəyak, Ojibwe waabaabiinyag),[2] from Proto-Algonquian *wa·p-, "white" + *-a·py-, "string-like object" + *-aki, plural.[70][71]
Wapiti (elk) †
From Shawnee waapiti, "white rump" (c.f. Ojibwe waabidiy),[2] from Proto-Algonquian *wa·petwiya, from *wa·p-, "white" + *-etwiy, "rump".[72]
Wickiup †
From Fox wiikiyaapi, from the same Proto-Algonquian etymon as "wigwam" (see below).[73]
Wigwam †
From Eastern Abenaki wìkəwam (c.f. Ojibwe wiigiwaam),[2] from Proto-Algonquian *wi·kiwa·Hmi.[74]
Woodchuck †
Reshaped on analogy with "wood" and "chuck", from an Algonquian language of southern New England (c.f. Narragansett <ockqutchaun>, "woodchuck").[75]

Words from Nahuatl

Words of Nahuatl origin have entered many European languages. Mainly they have done so via Spanish. Most words of Nahuatl origin end in a form of the Nahuatl "absolutive suffix" (-tl, -tli, or -li, or the Spanish adaptation -te), which marked unpossessed nouns.

Atlatl †
from ahtlatl
Avocado †
from āhuacatl, "avocado" or "testicle"
Axolotl †
āxōlōtl, from ā-, "water" + xōlōtl, "male servant"[76]
Cacao † and cocoa †
from cacahuatl
Chayote †
from chayohtli
Chia †
from chiyan
Chicle †
from tzictli
Chili †
from chīlli
Chocolate †
Often said to be from Nahuatl xocolātl[36] or chocolātl,[77] which would be derived from xococ "bitter" and ātl "water" (with an irregular change of x > ch).[78] However, the form xocolātl is not directly attested, and chocolatl does not appear in Nahuatl until the mid-18th century. Some researchers have recently proposed that the chocol- element was originally chicol-, and referred to special wooden stick used to prepare chocolate.[79]
Copal †
from copalli[80]
Coyote †
from coyōtl
Epazote †
from epazōtl
Guacamole †
from āhuacamōlli, from āhuaca-, "avocado", and mōlli, "sauce"
Mesquite †
from mizquitl
Mezcal †
from mexcalli
Mole †
from mōlli, "sauce"
Nopal †
from nohpalli, "prickly pear cactus"
Ocelot †
from ocēlōtl
Peyote †
from peyōtl. Nahuatl probably borrowed the root peyō- from another language, but the source is not known.[81]
Quetzal †
from quetzalli, "quetzal feather".[82]
Shack †
possibly from xacalli, "grass hut", by way of Mexican Spanish.[83][36]
Sapodilla †
from tzapocuahuitl
Sapota †
from tzapotl
Tamale †
from tamalli
Tule †
from tōllin, "reed, bulrush"
Tomato †
from tomatl

Words from Quechua

A number of words from Quechua have entered English, mostly via Spanish

Coca †
from kuka, via Spanish coca
Cocaine †
from kuka (see above), probably via French cocaïne
Condor †
from kuntur, via Spanish cóndor
Guanaco †
from wanaku
Guano †
from wanu via Spanish guano
Inca †
from Inka
Jerky †
from ch'arki, via Spanish charquí
Lagniappe †
from yapay, "add, addition", via Spanish la ñapa (with the definite article la).
Lima †
from rimay, "speak" (from the name of the city, named for the Rimaq river ("Speaking River"))
Llama †
from llama, via Spanish
Pampa †
from pampa, "flat", via Spanish
Pisco †
from pisqu, "little bird" (not from [1])
Puma †
from puma, via Spanish
Quinine †
from kinakina, via Spanish quina
Quinoa †
from kinwa
Soroche †
from suruqch'i, "mountain sickness"[84][85] (not from [2])
Vicuña †
from wik'uña, via Spanish vicuña

Words from Eskimo-Aleut languages

Anorak †
from Greenlandic Inuit annoraaq[86]
Igloo †
from Inuktitut iglu ([iɣlu])[87]
Inuksuk †
from Inuktitut inuksuk[87]
Kayak †
from Inuktitut qajaq[87]
Malamute †
from Inupiaq Malimiut, the name of an Inupiaq subgroup[88]
Mukluk †
from Yupik maklak ([makɬak]), "Bearded Seal"[87]
Nanook †
from Inuktitut Nanuq,[89] "polar bear", made famous in English due to a 1922 documentary Nanook of the North, featuring a man with this name.
Umiaq †

Words from Arawakan languages

Anole †
from an Arawakan language, or possibly Cariban, by way of French anolis.[90][91][92]
Barbecue †
from an Arawakan language of Haiti barbakoa, "framework of sticks",[93] via Spanish barbacoa.[94]
Cacique or cassique †
from Taino cacike or Arawak kassequa "chieftain" [95]
Caiman †
from a Ta-Maipurean language, "water spirit" (c.f. Garifuna [aɡaiumã]),[96][97] though possibly ultimately of African origin.[98]
Canoe †
from Taino via Spanish canoa.[99]
Cassava †
from Taino caçabi, "manioc meal", via Spanish or Portuguese.[100]
Cay †
from Taino, by way of Spanish cayo.[101]
Guava †
from an Arawakan language, by way of Spanish guayaba.[102]
Hammock †
from Taino, via Spanish hamaca.[103]
Hurricane †
from Taino hurakán, via Spanish.[104]
Iguana †
from an Arawakan language iwana.[105][106]
Maize †
from Taino mahís, by way of Spanish.[107][108]
Mangrove †
from Taino, via Spanish mangle or Portuguese mangue.[109]
Papaya †
from Taino.[110]
Potato †
from the Taino word for "sweet potato", via Spanish batata.[111]
Savanna †
from Taino zabana, via Spanish.[112]
Tobacco †
probably from an Arawakan language, via Spanish: tabaco.[63]
Yuca †
from Taino, via Spanish.[113]

Words from Tupi-Guaraní languages

Agouti †
from Tupi-Guaraní akutí, via French and Spanish.[114][115][116]
Cashew †
from Tupí acaîu
Cayenne †
from Tupí kyinha.[117]
Cougar †
ultimately corrupted from Guaraní guaçu ara.[118]
Jaguar †
from Tupinambá /jaˈwar-/,[119] via Portuguese.[120]
Jaguarundi †
from Guaraní.
Maraca †
from Tupí maraka
Macaw †
Manioc †
from Tupinambá /maniˈʔok-/.[119]
Petunia †
from Tupí petun 'smoke'
Piranha †
from Tupí.[121]
Tapioca †
from Tupinambá /tɨpɨˈʔok-a/,[119] "juice squeezed out".[122]
Tapir †
from Tupinambá /tapiˈʔir-/.[119]
Toucan †
from Tupinambá /tuˈkan-/,[119] via Portuguese and French.[123]

Words from other indigenous languages of the Americas

Abalone †
from Rumsen awlun, via Spanish.[124]
Alpaca †
from Aymara allpaka, via Spanish.[125]
Appaloosa †
Either named for the Palouse River, whose name comes from Sahaptin palú:s, "what is standing up in the water"; or for Opelousas, Louisiana, which may come from Choctaw api losa, "black body".[126]
Bayou †
from early Choctaw bayuk, "creek, river", via French.[127]
Camas †
from Nez Perce qém’es.[128]
Cannibal †
via Spanish, from a Cariban language, meaning "person, Indian",[129] (Proto-Cariban *karípona),[130] based on the Spaniards' belief that the Caribs ate human flesh.[131]
Catalpa †
from Creek katałpa "head-wing", with (i)ká, "head" + (i)táłpa, "wing".[132]
Cenote †
from Yucatec Maya.
Cheechako †
from Chinook Jargon chee + chako, "new come". Chee comes from Lower Chinook čxi, "straightaway", and for chako c.f. Nuuchahnulth čokwaa, "come!"[133]
Chinook †
from Lower Chehalis ts’inúk, the name of a village,[134][135] via Chinook Trade Jargon.
Chuckwalla †
from Cahuilla čáxwal.[136]
Coho †
from Halkomelem k̉wə́xwəθ ([kʷ’əxʷəθ]).[137][138][36]
Coontie †
from Creek.
Coypu †
from Mapudungun.
Divi-divi †
from Cumanagoto.
Dory †
from Miskito.
Eulachon †
from a Cree adaptation of Chinook Trade Jargon ulâkân,[139] itself a borrowing of Clatsap u-tlalxwə(n), "brook trout".[140]
Geoduck †
from Lushootseed (Nisqually) gʷídəq.[141][142]
Guan †
from Kuna.
High muckamuck †
from Chinook Jargon [ˈmʌkəmʌk], "eat, food, drink", of unknown origin.[143]
Hogan †
from Navajo hooghan.[144]
Hooch †
a shortening of "Hoochinoo", the name of a Tlingit village, from Tlingit xutsnuuwú, "brown bear fort".[145][146]
Kachina †
from Hopi katsína, "spirit being".[147]
Kokanee †
perhaps from Twana.[148]
Manatee †
via Spanish manatí, from a word in a Cariban language meaning "(woman's) breast".[149][150][151]
Piki †
from Hopi.
Pogonip †
from Shoshone /pakɨnappɨ/ ([paˈɣɨnappɨ̥]), "fog".[152]
Poncho †
from Mapudungun pontho,[153] "woolen fabric", via Spanish.[154]
Potlatch †
from Nuuchahnulth (Nootka) p̉aƛp̉ač ([p’atɬp’aʧ], reduplication of p̉a, "to make ceremonial gifts in potlatch", with the iterative suffix -č) via Chinook Jargon.[155]
Salal †
from Chinook Trade Jargon [səˈlæl], from Lower Chinook salál.[156]
Saguaro †
via Spanish, from some indigenous language, possibly Opata.[157]
Sasquatch †
From Halkomelem [ˈsæsq’əts].[158]
Sego †
from Ute-Southern Paiute /siˈkuʔa/ ([siˈɣuʔa]).[159]
Sequoia †
from a Cherokee personal name, <Sikwayi>, with no further known etymology.[160]
Sockeye †
from Halkomelem /ˈsθəqəʔj/.[161]
Skookum †
from Chinook Jargon [ˈskukəm], "powerful, supernaturally dangerous", from Lower Chehalis skʷəkʷə́m, "devil, anything evil, spirit monster".[162][163]
Tamarin †
from a Cariban language, via French.[164]
Tipi †
from Lakota thípi, "house".[61]
Tupelo †
Perhaps from Creek ’topilwa, "swamp-tree", from íto, "tree" + opílwa, "swamp".[165]
Wapatoo †
from Chinook Jargon [ˈwapato], "arrowroot, wild potato", from Upper Chinook [wa]-, a noun prefix + [pato], which comes from Kalapuyan [pdóʔ], "wild potato".[166]
Yaupon †
from Catawba yąpą, from yą, "wood/tree" + pą, "leaf".[167]

See also

References

  1. ^ Klak, Thomas. "Historical Landscapes of the Miami". Myaamia Project. Retrieved on 2007-03-29.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Nichols, John, and Earl Nyholm. 1995. A Concise Dictionary of Minnesota Ojibwe. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press
  3. ^ Some Illinois Words: Places
  4. ^ a b Campbell (1997:399)
  5. ^ Campbell (1997:395)
  6. ^ Chamberlain, Alexander F. (1902). "Algonkian Words in American English: A Study in the Contact of the White Man and the Indian". The Journal of American Folklore 15 (59): 240-267. 
  7. ^ RHD (1987:129)
  8. ^ "Atamasco lily". American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Retrieved on 2007-03-30.
  9. ^ "Babiche". Dictionary.com. Retrieved on 2008-07-07.
  10. ^ RHD (1987:315-16)
  11. ^ RHD (1987:361)
  12. ^ Siebert (1975:323)
  13. ^ Rhodes, Richard A. 1985. Eastern Ojibwa-Chippewa-Ottawa Dictionary. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter
  14. ^ "Cisco". American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Retrieved on 2007-05-01.
  15. ^ Campbell (1997:394)
  16. ^ Goddard, Ives (1984). "Synonymy". In "Arctic", ed. David Damas. Vol. 5 of Handbook of North American Indians, ed. William C. Sturtevant. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, pp. 5:5-6
  17. ^ RHD (1987:900)
  18. ^ "Hickory". American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Retrieved on 2007-03-30.
  19. ^ RHD (1987:915)
  20. ^ "Husky". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved on 2007-03-30.
  21. ^ "Kinkajou". Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved on 2007-03-30.
  22. ^ RHD (1987:1058)
  23. ^ Bright (2004:291)
  24. ^ Siebert (1975:381)
  25. ^ "Moccasin". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved on 2008-07-07.
  26. ^ RHD (1987:1235)
  27. ^ Bright (2004:297)
  28. ^ a b c RHD (1987:1247)
  29. ^ RHD (1987:1261)
  30. ^ Bright (2004:304)
  31. ^ a b RHD (1987:1268)
  32. ^ RHD (1987:1359)
  33. ^ Siebert (1975:363)
  34. ^ "Comments by Michael McCafferty on "Readers' Feedback (page 4)"". The KryssTal. Retrieved on 2007-02-23.
  35. ^ "Opossum". Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved on 2007-03-30.
  36. ^ a b c d e f g American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
  37. ^ RHD (1987:1405)
  38. ^ RHD (1987:1427)
  39. ^ RHD (1987:1432)
  40. ^ Siebert (1975:367)
  41. ^ RHD (1987:1445)
  42. ^ RHD (1987:1474)
  43. ^ Siebert (1975:320)
  44. ^ RHD (1987:1503)
  45. ^ Bright (2004:397)
  46. ^ Siebert (1975:369)
  47. ^ RHD (1987:1563)
  48. ^ "Pung". Dictionary.com. Retrieved on 2007-03-11.
  49. ^ RHD (1987:1568)
  50. ^ RHD (1987:1578)
  51. ^ Bright (2004:406)
  52. ^ RHD (1987:1590)
  53. ^ Siebert (1975:370)
  54. ^ RHD (1987:1688)
  55. ^ a b Goddard, Ives (1978). "Eastern Algonquian languages", in "Northeast", ed. Bruce G. Trigger. Vol. 15 of Handbook of North American Indians, ed. William C. Sturtevant. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, pg. 75
  56. ^ RHD (1987:1768)
  57. ^ Bright (2004:452-453)
  58. ^ a b RHD (1987:1850)
  59. ^ RHD (1987:1899)
  60. ^ Siebert (1975:394)
  61. ^ a b Bright (2004:489)
  62. ^ RHD (1987:1960)
  63. ^ a b c RHD (1987:1990)
  64. ^ Bright (2004:499)
  65. ^ RHD (1987:1993)
  66. ^ "Totem". Dictionary.com. Retrieved on 2008-12-25.
  67. ^ Siebert (1975:397)
  68. ^ RHD (1987:2033)
  69. ^ RHD (1987:2034)
  70. ^ "Wampumpeag". Dictionary.com. Retrieved on 2007-03-31.
  71. ^ RHD (1987:2140)
  72. ^ RHD (1987:2141)
  73. ^ RHD (1987:2172)
  74. ^ RHD (1987:2173)
  75. ^ RHD (1987:2186)
  76. ^ "Axolotl". Dictionary.com. Retrieved on 2007-04-27.
  77. ^ "Chocolate". Dictionary.com. Retrieved on 2007-03-29.
  78. ^ Karttunen, Frances (1983). An Analytical Dictionary of Nahuatl. Austin: University of Texas Press, p. 54.
  79. ^ Dakin, Karen and Wichmann, Søren (2000). "Cacao and Chocolate: An Uto-Aztec perspective." Ancient Mesoamerica, vol. 11, pp.55–75.
  80. ^ Merriam-Webster Dictionary online
  81. ^ Campbell (1997:403, n. 53)
  82. ^ RHD (1987:1585)
  83. ^ shack
  84. ^ Vocabulario Comparativo Quechua Cuzqueño-Quechua Boliviano(PDF)
  85. ^ "Suruqch'i". Webster's Online Dictionary. Retrieved on 2007-07-02.
  86. ^ Dictionary.com: Anorak
  87. ^ a b c d Foretescue, Michael, Steven Jacobson, and Lawrence Kaplan (1994). Comparative Eskimo Dictionary, with Aleut Cognates. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center
  88. ^ Dictionary.com: Malamute
  89. ^ "nanuq". Asuilaak Living Dictionary. Retrieved on 2007-11-17.
  90. ^ "Anole". Merriam Webster's Online Dictionary. Retrieved on 2007-03-29.
  91. ^ Campbell (1997:11)
  92. ^ "Anole". American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Yourdictionary.com. Retrieved on 2007-03-29.
  93. ^ "Barbecue". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved on 2007-03-29.
  94. ^ "Barbecue". Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved on 2007-03-29.
  95. ^ Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cacique, 2008, accessed 1 July 2008
  96. ^ Taylor, Douglas. (1980). "A Note on the Derivation of the Word Cayman." International Journal of American Linguistics 46:47-48
  97. ^ "Caiman". American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. On yourdictionary.com. Retrieved on 2007-04-02.
  98. ^ Online Etymology Dictionary: Caiman
  99. ^ Bright (2004:80)
  100. ^ "Cassava". Dictionary.com. Retrieved on 2007-04-02.
  101. ^ "Key". Dictionary.com. Retrieved on 2007-08-06.
  102. ^ "Guava". Dictionary.com. Retrieved on 2007-08-06.
  103. ^ "Hammock". Dictionary.com. Retrieved on 2007-08-06.
  104. ^ "Hurricane". Dictionary.com. Retrieved on 2007-04-02.
  105. ^ "Iguana". Dictionary.com. Retrieved on 2007-08-06.
  106. ^ "Iguana". Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved on 2007-08-06.
  107. ^ "Maize". Oxford English Dictionary.
  108. ^ "Maize". Dictionary.com.
  109. ^ Bright (2004:265)
  110. ^ "Papaya". Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved on 2007-08-06.
  111. ^ Bright (2004:395)
  112. ^ RHD (1987:1707)
  113. ^ "Yucca". Dictionary.com. Retrieved on 2007-04-02.
  114. ^ "Agouti". American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Yourdictionary.com. Retrieved on 2007-03-29.
  115. ^ "Agouti". Dictionary.com. Retrieved on 2007-03-29.
  116. ^ "Agouti". Merriam Webster's Online Dictionary. Retrieved on 2007-03-29.
  117. ^ Bright (2004:84)
  118. ^ Bright (2004:124)
  119. ^ a b c d e Jensen, Cheryl (1999). "Tupí-Guaraní". In The Amazonian Languages, eds. R. M. W. Dixon and Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, pp. 125-163. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pg. 126
  120. ^ "Jaguar". Dictionary.com. Retrieved on 2008-12-25.
  121. ^ RHD (1987:1475)
  122. ^ Bright (2004:480)
  123. ^ RHD (1987:2001)
  124. ^ Bright (2004:19)
  125. ^ Online Etymology Dictionary: Alpaca
  126. ^ Bright (2004:45)
  127. ^ Bright (2004:61)
  128. ^ Alan H. Hartley. The Inland Etymology of Camas
  129. ^ "Cannibal". American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Retrieved on 2007-03-29.
  130. ^ Campbell (1997:404-405)
  131. ^ "Cannibal". Dictionary.com. Retrieved on 2007-03-29.
  132. ^ Bright (2004:83)
  133. ^ Bright (2004:91)
  134. ^ Campbell (1997:397)
  135. ^ Mithun, Marianne (1999). The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pg. 382
  136. ^ Dictionary.com: Chuckwalla
  137. ^ Dictionary.com: Coho salmon
  138. ^ Coho salmon
  139. ^ Oxford English Dictionary: Eulachon
  140. ^ Bright (2004:172)
  141. ^ "Geoduck". Dictionary.com. Retrieved on 2007-03-29.
  142. ^ "Geoduck". American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Yourdictionary.com. Retrieved on 2007-03-29.
  143. ^ Bright (2004:300)
  144. ^ Bright (2004:169)
  145. ^ "Hoochinoo". Dictionary.com. Retrieved on 2007-05-10.
  146. ^ "Hooch". American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Retrieved on 2007-05-10.
  147. ^ Bright (2004:194)
  148. ^ Bright (2004:232)
  149. ^ Simpson, George Gaylord (1941). "Vernacular Names of South American Mammals". Journal of Mammalogy 22.1:14
  150. ^ "Manatee". Dictionary.com. Retrieved on 2007-04-02.
  151. ^ "Manatee". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved on 2007-04-02.
  152. ^ Bright (2004:389)
  153. ^ "Poncho". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved on 2008-07-07.
  154. ^ "Poncho". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved on 2008-07-07.
  155. ^ Oxford English Dictionary: Potlatch
  156. ^ Bright (2004:416)
  157. ^ RHD (1987:1691)
  158. ^ Bright (2004:422)
  159. ^ Bright (2004:429)
  160. ^ Bright (2004:432)
  161. ^ Bright (2004:455)
  162. ^ Bright (2004:452)
  163. ^ "Skookum". Dictionary.com. Retrieved on 2007-03-29.
  164. ^ RHD (1987:1939)
  165. ^ RHD (1987:2036)
  166. ^ Bright (2004:547)
  167. ^ RHD (1987:2200)

Bibliography

  • Bright, William (2004). Native American Place Names of the United States. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press
  • Campbell, Lyle (1997). American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. Oxford: Oxford University Press
  • Flexner, Stuart Berg and Leonore Crary Hauck, eds. (1987). The Random House Dictionary of the English Language [RHD], 2nd ed. (unabridged). New York: Random House.
  • Siebert, Frank T. (1975). "Resurrecting Virginia Algonquian from the Dead: The Reconstituted and Historical Phonology of Powhatan". In Studies in Southeastern Indian Languages, ed. James M. Crawford, pp. 285-453. Athens: University of Georgia Press

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Published - January 2009


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