Articles for Translators and Translation Companies

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Translation Theory

Compare and contrast two theoretical approaches to translation
During the course of this essay, two theoretical approaches to translation – Skopos and Polysystems – will be examined. They will be placed in historical context before the main features of each, accompanied by relevant critique, are discussed in some detail. Case studies will then help determine advantages and disadvantages before a final comparison is made to reveal similarities and differences between the two positions…
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Mentality and Language
It is well known that human culture, social behavior and thinking cannot exist without language. Being a social and national identity, and a means of human communication, language cannot help bearing imprints of ethnic and cultural values as well as the norms of behavior of a given language community. All is reflected in the vocabulary of a language. But it should be noted that the grammatical structure of a language more exactly reflects the mentality of a nation as it is closer to thinking…
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Why is translation into the mother tongue more successful than into a second language?
It is commonly believed that translators are better at translating into their native language than into a second language. The underlying reason for this assumption is that translators have a more profound linguistic and cultural background of their mother tongue than of a second language which they have to learn in order to be well-versed translators. By the same token, the translator who translates into his or her native language has a more natural…
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Cultural Translation
Culture and intercultural competence and awareness that rise out of experience of culture, are far more complex phenomena than it may seem to the translator. The more a translator is aware of complexities of differences between cultures, the better a translator s/he will be. It is probably right to say that there has never been a time when the community of translators was unaware of cultural differences…
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Blue Lines on Black Ink:
A Look at a New Book on Censorship and Translation
The TJ's editor asked if I would do a write up on a volume on censorship and translation edited and introduced by Francesca Billiani, a Lecturer in Italian Studies and member of the Centre for Translation and Intercultural Studies at the University of Manchester in the UK. I immediately agreed, for censorship is one of the things that have fascinated me for a number of years…
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Problems of dynamic equivalence in Translation
Formal Equivalence and Dynamic equivalence caused heated controversy. The concept of equivalence has been one of the key words in translation studies. Equivalence can be said to be the central issue in translation although its definition, relevance, and applicability within the field of translation theory have caused heated controversy, and many different theories of the concept of equivalence have been elaborated within this field in the past fifty years…
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The Linguistic Analysis in a Translation
Translation, as an activity, has been a task which has been performed for centuries. This is an activity whose main concern is to facilitate the communication process. The professional of translation reaches this goal by translating the information received in a foreign language into the language of the person who required his services, and vice versa…
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Translation procedures, strategies and methods
Translating culture-specific concepts (CSCs) in general and allusions in particular seem to be one of the most challenging tasks to be performed by a translator; in other words, allusions are potential problems of the translation process due to the fact that allusions have particular connotations and implications in the source language (SL) and the foreign culture (FC) but not necessarily in the TL and the domestic culture…
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Formulating Strategies for the Translator
The ability to formulate strategies for translators lies at the heart of the tensions between translation studies (TS) and professional translators and between the applied and non-applied branches of TS. It also affects the relationship which TS has with neighboring disciplines such as linguistics…
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Global Translation: The Dream of a Translation Tower of Babel
After the destruction of the Tower of Babel sons of Adam are restoring their talents to reconstruct and pose a symbol of power with the same ramifications. But the stature of a unified language in the form of English language, the World Wide Web, Global Economy and other cultural strategies are not enough to overpower the divinely established human diversity…
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The Polysystem Theory
This paper attempts to discuss the polysystem theory with an approach to children's literature. Mainly, it considers the positions that translated writings can occupy in this system in comparing to the original writings in a country, especially in Iran. It discusses the causes and effects that the translated literature can occupy either the central position or peripheral one in literary system of a country. Then it indicates children's literature; its importance in shaping the children's mind, thought and future, and its position in polysystem…
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GILT-Internationalization, a right-brainer approach
In GILT literature, you will encounter the following: G11n, I18n, and L10n. They simply mean Globalization, Internationalization, and Localization respectively, taking the first and last letters of these words with the number of letters tucked in between. This is a way of making these long words short…
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Theta Theory in English and French
As the title of this paper indicates, I am going to focus on Theta Theory in English and French. In this way, the first chapter will be concerned with Theta Theory in English. In the first section, I am going to discus Universal Grammar and its sub-theories, such as X-bar theory, Case theory, Government theory, Binding theory, Bounding theory, Control theory and a brief introduction to Theta theory…
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Domesticating the Theorists: A Plea for Plain Language
Throughout the history of translation, those who we now call theorists expressed their views in respect to the translation process and the desired results to be achieved by translation. They formulated their views by advocating translation ad verbum or translation ad sensum and, more recently, by defending or opposing the theory that a translation must read like an original text…
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Translation of Proper Names in Non-fiction Texts
The present article deals with the translation of proper names in non-fiction texts. Starting with the delimitation of the category of proper names on a linguistic basis, it examines the various strategies of translating proper names. The effect of the communicative situation is an important factor in the choice of the appropriate translation strategy…
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Translation And Interpreting Methods And Approaches
The disciplines of language translation and interpreting serve the purpose of making communication possible between speakers of different languages. In the past there has been a tendency to perceive interpreting as an area of translation, but from the second half of the 20th century differentiation between the two areas has become necessary…
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Lexical analysis of the fiction books translated into Persian for children of age group of A&B
This study analyses the lexical items of the fiction books translated into Persian for children of age group of A&B. Six fiction books translated into Persian for children and some lexical items used in these books are selected at random. After that, it compares these lexical items and lexical items used in the standard educational books for children of that age group. Some lexis are common and some do not exist in the standard books…
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Dynamic Equivalence (D.E.) and Idioms Translation
The meaning of the word equivalence can be described as "equal in value, measure, force, effect, significance." Based on the word's etymology, however, its first half can also be taken to mean "like."
Throughout the history of translation, equivalence has revealed itself both as a phenomenon that can be located on different levels and as a concept eventually so riddled with contradictions …
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Translation as a Psycho-Semiotic Phenomenon
The article sketches the outlines of a theoretical framework for the analysis of translation of literary texts, viewed as psycho-semiotic phenomenon and based on evaluation of earlier attempts in this direction, and on the results of a psycholinguistic empirical study of translations. Central to this framework is the recent insight that the human cerebral hemisphere functional asymmetry somehow plays a role in structuring the fictional text by its author and in its processing by the interpreter…
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“Heads I Win, Tails You Lose”: Logical Fallacies and Ethics in Everyday Language
Throughout our daily oral and written communications with others, we rely on basic rules of reasoning which guide our arguments. Whether a particular argument is valid or not—logically speaking—is not always evident. Indeed fallacious arguments can point to seemingly compelling conclusions that are, however, invalid and often misaligned with ethical principles. By focusing on the inextricable link between ethics and language, this article reviews some of the most common logical fallacies to help in detecting (and avoiding) them…
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Maxim of Manner and Metaphoric Address in Translation
Neither Grice, nor any other speech act theorist has ever opened the scope of monolingual communication, - during which speech acts arise and work, - to cross -cultural communication.
However, this cross-examination would actually make sense for pragmatic theorists, and what is more, would benefit a lot translation theorists and practitioners…
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The Importance of Adequacy in Translation
There are both linguistic and extralinguistic aspects that hinder to reach adequacy in fiction translation. Semantic information of the text differs essentially from the expressive-emotional information of the text but they have one common trait: both can bear and render extralinguistic information. Extralinguistic information often becomes a stone to stumble over by a translator, as it is a lingvoethnic barrier for a fiction translator; Misunderstanding or misinterpretation of the extralinguistic information means to misrepresent…
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Translation of Vietnamese Terms of Address and Reference
This paper resulted from the author's study of the translation into English of the Vietnamese terms of address and reference used in four short stories, "A Marker on the Side of the Boat," "A Very Late Afternoon," "The General Retires," "Without a King," and selected chapters of two novels, "The Sorrow of War" and "A Novel Without a Name." The study investigates the strategies adopted in the translation of the terms and the degree to which these strategies are effective in conveying…
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Connotation and Cross-cultural Semantics
Connotation is one of the most pervasive categories of literary and non-literary discourse, and is, therefore, strongly enmeshed with culture. In this paper, connotation will be tackled from as board a perspective as possible so as to include literature, art and linguistics - in other words, culture at large…
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Translating Abbreviations
Translation is a complex process where fragile balance is achieved between the equivalence of the text translated and the linguistic means chosen. Abbreviations can cause many difficulties during the translation. First of all despite the history of translation originates since ancient times when people needed to communicate with people from different communities, abbreviation is a comparatively new linguistic phenomenon and thus its translating isn’t well studied yet…
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Same questions - different continent
Translating documents into any language requires using the appropriate terminology and a clear and concise writing style. Terminological accuracy and effective prose must blend seamlessly; otherwise, the message will lack quality, efficacy and reliability needed in documents destined to the target market…
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La traduction français-espagnol des titres journalistiques du Monde Diplomatique : un exemple de tension entre adéquation et acceptabilité
Press headlines are short and multi-functional textual segments strongly influenced by the discourse genre and the journalistic tradition in which they are produced. Their interpretation requires a complex construction of meaning on the part of the translator. The aim of this paper is to study the translation strategies applied in a corpus made up of press headlines taken from the French newspaper Le Monde Diplomatique and their Spanish versions. The study shows the «tension» between adequacy and acceptability brought to bear by the translation process, as well as the important role of the source culture to determine the global translational behaviour…
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Back Translating Some Collective Nouns From English into Arabic
This paper deals with backtranslating some of the collective nouns and analysis of the results of the test. It also explains what is meant by back translation as little research has been done about it in the literature of translation. It also sheds light on the grammatical and semantic treatment of collective nouns in English…
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Translational Relationship: Equivalence VS Recognizability
This paper is to historize the notion of equivalence by analyzing its origins and problems and to introduce recognizability as a feasible translation relationship by exploring the function of the situation-in-culture, that is, the target culture…
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Narrowing the Gap between Theory and Practice of Translation
Since its inception, translation has not ceased to play its indispensable role of transferring messages across languages and cultural barriers. By so doing it continuously weakens the fences between languages, exposing their similarities, getting a consensus on their differences and easing interactions that will assist in developing cross-cultural integrative skills useful in an interdependent world. Several theories have been suggested to explain the concept of translation…
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Translation in Context
Translation, seen as a mode of being in the world, should not be regarded per se but should be contextualized as a social system. Infidelity is built in translation because it inevitably describes domestic scenes that are loaded not only linguistically and culturally, but also socially and politically. Translation is simultaneous decontextualization and recontextualization, hence is productive rather than reproductive…
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Equivalence in Translation
The main purpose of this paper is to explain the concept of equivalence in translation. To this end, first language and translation are defined. Later, examples are provided to develop the discussion. Each example indicates an area of standards in English and Persian. In fact, the process of finding equivalents in the two languages is that the translator should first decode the source text (ST), that is, to figure out the meaning / message/ intention of the original speaker or writer and then ask himself or herself how the same decoded meaning/ message/ intention is encoded in the target text (TT)…
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The Implication of Culture on Translation Theory and Practice
Related to translation, culture manifests in two ways. First, the concept or reference of the vocabulary items is somehow specific for the given culture. Second, the concept or reference is actually general but expressed in a way specific to the source language culture. In practice, however, it is suggested that a translator should take into account the purpose of the translation in translating the culturally-bound words or expressions. The translation procedures discussed should also be considered…
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Linguistics and translation
Most linguistic theories involve several levels of analysis of text (I use text here to include transcriptions of speech). For example texts can be analysed from the point of view of phonology – the organised system of sounds in a language. They can be analysed from the point of view of morphology – the way that words in a language can be analysed into meaningful units (or not, as the case may be)…
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A few words on translations
Hum. I ain't gonna make a course, but here are a few basic data you should know if you ever get to deal with translations.
Well, translation is a rather codified science. And that is one of the first things to know about it…
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Aesthetics & Translation
What is translation? As a most nontechnical definition the Webster's New World dictionary define" to translate" as follows:
1. to move from one place or condition to another; transfer; specif., a) Theol. to convey directly to heaven without death b) Eccles. to transfer (a bishop) from one see to another; also, to move (a saint's body or remains) from one place of interment to another…
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Gender and Translation
In recent years, a considerable volume of academic literature and researches in the field of translation are being focused on the concept of gender in translation (e.g. von Flotow 2001, Simon 1996, and Chamberlain 1998). According to Chamberlain (1998: 96), “the issues relating to gender in the practice of translation are myriad, varying widely according to the type of text being translated, the language involved, cultural practices and countless other factors”…
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Japanese and Korean: testing the links
I think the classification of Japanese and Korean is the biggest remaining puzzle in philology. There are two issues: are these two languages related to each other, and are they part of any known family? The Japanese and Koreans call each other ‘close but distant neighbours,’ and this phrase also roughly sums up the relationship of their languages…
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Inttranews Special Report: The end of the written word
The ways in which we use language are currently undergoing faster change than ever before, principally due to technology. But if language is the defining characteristic not only of who, but of what we are, as human beings, how will those changes affect us, and the societies we live in? One of the pioneers in this realm of research is William Crossman, a philosopher, futurist, professor, and the author of a new book, “VIVO [Voice-In/Voice-Out]: The Coming Age of Talking Computers”…
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¿Qué traducción?
Los métodos de traducción en el análisis contemporáneo
Todavía no existe uniformidad por indicar un método universal ni una explicación al fenómeno de la entropía, la fatal pérdida de significado que ocurre siempre que pasamos de un texto a otro. Tradicionalmente, para superar este obstáculo, se ha intentado encontrar aquella equivalencia dinámica de la que habla Nida, guardando el mensaje y no la forma del original …
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Foreignization / Domestication and Yihua / Guihua: A Contrastive Study
The debate on foreignization or domestication is still heated in Chinese translation circles. Analysis reveals that the terms used by Chinese scholars and Venuti look the same, but actually have different origins and meanings and are used in different contexts for different purposes. They are simply not discussing the same thing …
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What Localization Models Can Learn From Translation Theory
Translation theory may have a lot to learn from localization models, but the latter may have just as much to learn from the former. With that in mind, Anthony Pym invites us to pause in our dismissal of translation theory as academic clap-trap long enough to discover what it has to offer …
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Writing and Translation
Writing plays a very important role in any translation. Since a translation happens in a context and implies the transposition of a source text into a target text, this must fulfill the same constraints of an original text written in the target language …
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Translation Theory
The study of proper principle of translation is termed as translation theory. This theory, based on a solid foundation on understanding of how languages work, translation theory recognizes that different languages encode meaning in differing forms, yet guides translators to find appropriate ways of preserving meaning, while using the most appropriate forms of each language …
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Inttranews Special Report: Andrew Wedel, assistant professor of linguistics, University of Arizona
One of the most fascinating - and enduring - questions in linguistics is how language gets its structure: is this structure genetically determined, and innate, or does emerge over time under the influence of physical and social constraints on its use? The issue is not just an academic one: it has ramifications in fields as seemingly wide apart as primatology and artificial intelligence …
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"1992" versus "Loisaida" (a Linguistic Tour of the Lower East Side)
We keep hearing on all sides that in 1992 at least twelve nations of Europe will come together in a glorious embrace. Thanks to their impeccable culture and wisdom developed over the centuries, they will all get along perfectly and no longer have any need of such lesser domains as the Americas, Asia, or Africa. Together at last, this new European colossus will easily put such declining powers as the US or the USSR in their place …
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Some Images and Analogies about Translation
Over several decades I have sometimes reflected that writings about the theory of translation can be too theoretical. By which, I probably mean I have found them too wordy, too complex, too unreadable for my taste. Others may choose to differ, but it has always seemed to me that writing about language or linguistics or translation ought by its very nature to qualify as an absolute model of good and clear writing …
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The Language Contest
Fifty contestants enter a large hall. Inside the hall are fifty desks. Each contestant sits down at oneof the desks. On each desk is a large weirdly shaped package. All the packages on all the desks have the same size and shape. They all jut out and scoop inwards in strange ways, and they all have a large number of surfaces at odd angles to each other. Some of the surfaces are very hard to the touch, some very soft …
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The History of Translation History
By my count, nine useful books about translation history, specialized works aside, have been published over the last thirty years. It must say something about where this field is going that six of them have come out during the last seven years (and four since 1992). The latest such work, Translators through History, edited and directed by Jean Delisle and Judith Woodsworth, appears under the very highest auspices, being co-published by John Benjamins and Unesco …
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1536—1546: Ten Years that Changed The Perception of the Translator
Those who suppose translators lead hard lives today might want to consider the fate of their Sixteenth Century colleagues. During the ten years between 1536 and 1546, three famous translators met their death. One was tortured first and then burned at the stake in that great center of civilization, Paris. The second was strangled and then burnt in the city of Antwerp. And even though our third colleague died more naturally, it wasn't because half of Europe didn't long to see him hanged, drawn, quartered, and impaled in pieces …
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Translators and Interpreters: The Binding Force of World Civilization
The following summary of displays, along with the "map" showing one possible plan for installation, comes from the extended text of a proposed multi-media museum exhibit on the subject of Translators and Interpreters, which might in the ripeness of time be mounted at major American institutions …
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Hermes - God of Translators and Interpreters
The case for Hermes as the god of translators and interpreters is a clear and compelling one. While some European translators have campaigned for St. Jerome as the patron saint of translation, there are probably some good reasons, with all due respect to the translator of the Vulgate, for having a god of translation rather than a saint …
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Some Major Dates and Events in the History of Translation
The speaker will try to show some common threads in the history of translation or at least some modern parallels with more ancient examples. As for instance the perils of translating from Sumerian into Hebrew, Sacred Egyptian into Classical Greek, or Aramaic into Arabic …
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Mediation as translation or translation as mediation?
Widening the translator's role in a new multicultural society
Contrary to expectations, globalization is not accompanied by the use of a single language. It is obvious that the constant influx of people from other countries and cultures is producing changes in the way society is structured as well as in how relationships are established in the European Union (EU). These changes also affect interlingual mediation and the role that translators and interpreters (T&I) have to perform …
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What Makes a Translator?
The "prison of language is only temporary…someday a merciful guard ? the perfect translator ? will come along with his keys and let us out," Wendy Lesser wrote in an article, "The Mysteries of Translation," in the Chronicle of Higher Education in 2002. The following questions remain, however: Who is this translator? What does he do? And what skills should he possess? …
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These Embarrassing, Costly, Terrible Typos
Typo n. pl. -os. Informal. A typographical error.
Typographical error. A mistake in printing, typing or writing.
That's what it says in the New College Edition of The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. But it does not begin to tell the story of these mistakes - these embarrassing, costly, terrible typos. I know -- from collecting them, and from personal experience …
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Translation Misconceptions
Translation is occassionally taken too lightly by some. However, translation is in fact a serious business that should be approched sensibly in order to avoid poor results. Before starting a project that invloves translation bear in mind the following misconceptions regarding translation …
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Results of Poor Cross Cultural Awareness
Having a poor understanding of the influence of cross cultural differences in areas such as management, PR, advertising and negotiations can eventually lead to blunders that can have damaging consequences …
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Lost in Translation?
How to get your marketing message to an international audience
Did you know that only 28% of the entire European population can read English? This percentage is even lower in South America and Asia. Even the growing Hispanic community in the U.S. still prefers to read in Spanish for the most part. This means that if you want to sell your products and services to these markets, you will need to be able to communicate effectively in their languages …
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The Moving Text
Texts of every kind are produced in the source language (SL) and they get translated into the target language (TL). If the process were as simple as that, Pym would not have written The Moving Text (further referred to as Text) …
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Frame-based interpretation of readers reception of the parallel translations of Ady Endre, On Elijahs Chariot (Az Ills szekern)
Frame theory is intended to serve as a tool for linguistic and psychological investigations. The latter two constitute what we call cognitive linguistics, where the psychological processes, which take place in the mind mainly in comprehension are explained within linguistic boundaries, and vice versa, where the linguistic utterances are observed as physical manifestations of brain work …
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Why is English the international lingua franca?
As a means of expression of an insular population with specific political and social behaviour, English has become an international communication tool, in the wake of the economic and scientific expansion of Great Britain, and later the United States…
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Causes of Failure in Translation and Strategies
Translation is communication. When the translation causes trouble in understanding or results in zero communication, it is a failure. This paper makes an analytical study on what causes such failure: one is a misconception that translation is a word-for-word process whereas the other is the translators blindness to cultural differences…
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Style and Stylistic Accommodation in Translation
Accommodation in translation emerges in perspectives such as cultural accommodation, collocation accommodation, ideological accommodation and aesthetic accommodation. This article focuses specifically on stylistic accommodation in translation, proposing that accommodation should be oriented to style which includes writers style, genre style and historical style…
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Hermeneutics and Translation Theory
Translation theory was once strictly confined within the scope of linguistics for translation was merely referred to as a conversion of languages, from the source language into the target language. Nevertheless, when research is carried further and deeper, meaning is found not only associated with the language or the text but also with the author and the reader, which form the tripartite in understanding of the appropriate meaning of any text. This paper starts with the discussion of the relationship of hermeneutics and literary translation and then goes on to propose that a perfect theory of translation should be an overall concern of all the three aforementioned factors…
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Book Review: Science in Translation
Scott L Montgomery, Science in Translation. Movements of Knowledge through Cultures and Time. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press… The author set himself two major targets in writing this volume…
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Accommodation in Translation
Faithfulness was once considered the iron rule in translation in the history of translation in China as well as in the West. Yet when we take a closer look, accommodation, or adaptation, is found in most published translations. This article attempts to investigate the reasons why accommodation is frequently needed and enumerates the following types of accommodation translators or interpreters make in their work: cultural accommodation; collocation accommodation; ideological accommodation; aesthetic accommodation…
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The Interpretive Model and Machine Translation
For a long time, translation formed part of linguistic studies (see G. MOUNINs works). However, during the last few decades, it has been institutionally associated with Language Sciences, which represent a vast and very dynamic field in which interdisciplinarity plays a key role. This association has led to the burgeoning of a translation science (traductology or translation studies) within the field of Language Sciences which does not deal specifically with translation but with translation operations and process, thus reflecting the change in perspective adopted to approach the study object. Our aim is to put forward an epistemological analytical grid of the field in question i.e. the works related to the analytical study of translation and its natural processing as a prelude to machine translation or computer-assisted translation. However, delimiting a field requires one or several perspectives in order to define its axes, issues, methods and aims…
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How to Choose a Translator Wisely
Translation clients are often buying blind. They seldom know what they are paying for, especially when buying a translation into a language other than their own. Translations are definitely not all born equal, a fact to which anyone who has experienced the pain, amusement or confusion of reading a bad one will attest…
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Virgin Birth and Red Underpants The Translator's Responsibility in Shaping Our Worldview
The Virgin Birth and Virgin Mary are, pardon the pun, pregnant with social symbolic significance in most, if not all, parts of the world. Whether you believe in them or not, they are solid social constructs, rehearsed endlessly in art, humour, everyday life, and language. And yet their birth is due to a relatively simple mistake in translation. The Old Testament talks about almah 'young woman,' not bethulah 'virgin.' However, the scholars in the 3^rd century BC translated the Hebrew almah as parthenos in Greek. Thus the 'young woman' in Hebrew metamorphosed into a 'virgin' in Greekand she has remained a virgin ever since in translations across the world. The notion of 'virgin birth' was born, thanks to a mistranslation…
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Emotions, Taboos and Profane Language
Perhaps it is not too far-fetched a statement to say that most of us like to think of ourselves as (more or less) rational, articulate and disciplined human beings. Having postulated this, I would add in haste that we are not always quite as rational, articulate and disciplined as we might wish to be since we are, like it or not, also emotional, sexual and aggressive animals. Since both speech and emotions are universal features of the animal species called humans across space and time, so is swearing…
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The Invisible in Translation: The Role of Text Structure
It is conventionally believed that familiarity with the source and target languages, as well as the subject matter on the part of the translator is enough for a good translation. However, due to the findings in the field of text analysis, the role of text structure in translation now seems crucial. Therefore, the present paper sets out with an introduction on different types of translation followed by some historical reviews on text analysis, and will then describe different approaches to text analysis…
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Constructing a Model for Shift Analysis in Translation
The occurrence of shifts in any translational activity is an unavoidable phenomenon. Unfortunately, the bulk of research carried out in this regard has not perceived the urgent need for a model to analyze or shown interest in identifying these shifts. In this paper, the researchers attempt to construct a workable eclectic model for shift analysis whose major aim is to provide a sound machinery to analyze various types of shifts in translation at various levels of linguistic and paralinguistic description…
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Language Ambiguity: A Curse and a Blessing
Despite the fact that ambiguity in language is an essential part of language, it is often an obstacle to be ignored or a problem to be solved for people to understand each other. I will examine this fact and attempt to show that even when perceived as a problem, ambiguity provides value. In any case, language ambiguity can be understood as an illustration of the complexity of language itself…
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