Hacker = (See Phreaker.)
Half duplex = In half duplex communication, the terminal transmits and
receives data in separate, consecutive operations.
Handicapped = (See Disabilities.)
Handshaking = A set of commands recognized by the sending and receiving
stations that control the flow of data transmission.
Hard drive = A "hard disc"
file storage disc (usually a magnetic disc) on a
computer that has higher storage capacity and faster
access time (e.g., under 20 ms) than slower devices
such as floppy disc drives and optical disc (e.g.,
CD-ROM) drives. This is not the same as memory or
random access memory (RAM). Usually the term "hard
drive" refers to rigid discs coated with magnetic
material. Fast hard discs are compared and reviewed
in NewMedia, November 1994, p. 103. (See also RAM, Flash memory, RAID, and CD)
Hawthorne Effects = refer to distortions and possibly non-sustaining effects
of a treatment just because its newness captures
more of an individual's attentiveness. In double
blind studies of the impact of technologies upon
learning, Hawthorne
effects are particularly troublesome. Students are
more apt to be more attentive to newer technologies
simply because they are "new" curiosities.
Positive results on learning impacts may not be
sustaining, however, after the novelty and curiosity
factors decline with repeated use of the technology
over time.
HBSP = Harvard Business
School Publishing, Boston MA 02163
(800-545-7685). Although most noted for its hard
copy publishing of cases and journals, HBSP has
gone somewhat high tech with CD-ROM cases and catalogs
listed on the Internet. Most CD-ROM options, unfortunately,
do not include hypertext or hypermedia animations,
audio, and video segments. A noted exception is
the hypermedia video disc entitled Managing International
Business by Harvard's Christopher Bartlett and INSEAD's
Sumatra Ghoshal that is marketed by Course Technology
(800-648-7450). A review is given in Harvard Business
School Teaching Publications, Spring 1994, pp 1-3.
Details of CD-ROM by Bartlett and Ghoshal are provided
in Appendix 1. The Gopher address of HBSP is CATALOG@HBSCAT.HARVARD.EDU
and the Telnet address is HBSCAT.HARVARD.EDU. E-mail
may be addressed to HBSCAT@CCHBSPUB.HARVARD.EDU.
The catalog is also available on floppy disc. (See
also ECCH)
HDMI =
"Before
Going to Buy High-Tech Devices, Learn the New Terms,"
by Walter S. Mossberg, The Wall Street Journal,
November 16, 2006; Page B1 --- http://online.wsj.com/article/personal_technology.html
HDMI:
This acronym, for High-Definition Multimedia Interface,
describes a new kind of cable for hooking high-definition
TVs to things like cable boxes and DVD players.
It provides a high-quality digital feed, and combines
both audio and video signals via a single connection.
When shopping for an HDTV, make sure it has HDMI
connectors on the back.
HDSPA =
"Before
Going to Buy High-Tech Devices, Learn the New Terms,"
by Walter S. Mossberg, The Wall Street Journal,
November 16, 2006; Page B1 --- http://online.wsj.com/article/personal_technology.html
HSDPA:
An awkward name for a new high-speed cellphone network
being deployed in the U.S. by Cingular Wireless.
Its full name is High Speed Downlink Packet Access,
and it's intended to compete with successful high-speed
networks from Verizon and Sprint called EVDO, or
Evolution Data Only. All of these new networks allow
Internet access at about the speed of a slow home
DSL line, which is a big boost for cellphones. If
you care about email and Internet access on a phone,
and you are using Cingular, get a phone that can
handle HSDPA.
HDTV = High-Definition
TV in digitized formats that will eventually
replace present analog formats in 16:9 wide-screen
TV. The Japanese version of HDTV is not truly the
fully-digitized version broadcast system intended
for the United States by the end of the year 2000.
(See also Intercast,IDTV, Wide-screen TV, Video, and Videodisc-digital)
Helper app = (See Plug-in)
HERF Guns and EMP Bombs (See Security)
Hertz = Unit of measure that
equals a frequency of one cycle per second. (See
also Bandwidth, bps, Kilohertz, and megahertz)
Hi-8 = A professional-quality
format for high-end video cameras. Whereas the standard
consumer resolution 8mm camera records 250 lines,
the Hi-8 versions record 400 lines or more so as
to produce more detail in video images.
HL = Hyper-Learning
using hypertext, hypermedia, and computer networks.
Authors like Perelman (1993) tend to use the term
in the context of learning from servers on an information
highway such as the Internet after multimedia transmissions
become more common. (See also JITT and Hypermedia)
Hologram = (See 3-D)
Home Page = The document displayed when you first open your Web browser.
Home Page can also refer to the first document you
come to at a Web site.
HOP = (See Internet Messaging).
Host = A computer acting as an information or communications server.
Hot spots = Buttons or other programmable objects that can activate
objects or linked events.
Hotlink = (See Hyperlink)
Hotlists = Lists of frequently used Web locations and URLs (Uniform
Resource Locators).
Hotword = (See Hyperlink)
HP/UX = Hewlett-Packard
Unix operating system. Hewlett-Packard
also uses other operating systems such as its own
proprietary MPE and NEXTStep. (See also Operating system and Unix)
HTML = An acronym for a HyperText Markup
Language DTD. HTML is the language
used to tag various parts of a Web document so browsing
software will know how to display that document's
links, text, graphics and attached media. Your are
viewing an HTML document at this moment. The popular
HTML and the emerging HTML are subsets of the GML
text scripting conceived in1969 IBM researchers
depicting Generalized
Markup
Languages (and not-so-coincidentally
the lead researchers were named Goldfarb, Mosher, and Lorie). Between 1978 and 1987,
Dr. Charles F. Goldfarb led the team that developed
the SGML Standard GML that is became International
Standard ISO 8879. In 1990, Tim Berners-Lee
led a team of particle physicists that invented
the World Wide Web using a very small part of SGML
that became the widely known and used scripting
language known as Hypertext Markup Language (HTML).
SGML is tremendously powerful but inefficient and
complex. HTML is marvelously simple but not
very powerful. In 1996, Jon Bosak of Sun Microsystems
to spearheaded the development of the XML standard
to lend power, efficiency, cross-platform standards,
and simplicity to the networking of databases on
the Internet. At the time of this writing,
the world is converging upon an important standard
known as
RDF (Resource Description Framework) rooted in XML that will be the biggest thing to hit the
Internet since HTML hit the Internet in 1991.
For my detailed review of XML, SMIL, XBRL, and RDF
see http://www.trinity.edu/rjensen/xmlrdf.htm
XBRL= eXtensible Business Reporting Language.
This is an extension of XML metatag technology key
terminologies in business, accounting, and financial
reporting. The major purpose is to allow users to
locate and analyze financial reports or portions
of financial reports in a manner that is far more
efficient and effective than using traditional search
engines and EDGAR utilities.
The main starting point
in understanding XBRL is the XBRL Home Page at http://www.xbrl.org/
XBRL (eXtensible
Business Reporting Language)
is a royalty-free, open specification for software
that uses XML data tags to describe financial information
for public and private companies and other organizations.
XBRL benefits all members of the financial information
supply chain.
XBRL is:
· A standards-based
method with which users can prepare, publish in
a variety of formats, exchange and analyze financial
statements and the information they contain.
· Licensed royalty-free
worldwide by XBRL International, a non-profit consortium
consisting of over 140 leading companies, associations,
and government agencies around the world.
· Permits the automatic
exchange and reliable extraction of financial information
across all software formats and technologies, including
the Internet.
· Benefits all users
of the financial information supply chain: public
and private companies, the accounting profession,
regulators, analysts, the investment community,
capital markets and lenders, as well as key third
parties such as software developers and data aggregators.
· Does not require a
company to disclose any additional information beyond
that which they normally disclose under existing
accounting standards. Does not require a change
to existing accounting standards.
· Improves access to
financial information by improving the form of the
information and making it more appropriate for the
Internet.
· Reduces the need to
enter financial information more than one time,
reducing the risk of data entry error and eliminating
the need to manually key information for various
formats, (printed financial statement, an HTML document
for a company's Web site, an EDGAR filing document,
a raw XML file or other specialized reporting formats
such as credit reports and loan documents) thereby
lowering a company's cost to prepare and distribute
its financial statements while improving investor
or analyst access to information.
· Leverages efficiencies
of the Internet as today's primary source of financial
information. More than 80% of major US public companies provide some type of financial
disclosure on the Internet, and the majority of
information that investors use to make decisions
comes to them via the Internet.
XBRL meets the needs of today's investors and other users
of financial information by providing accurate and
reliable information to help them make informed
financial decisions.
Note that early in the Year 2000, XFRML at the
American Institute of Certified Public Accountants
had a name change to XBRL. http://www.xfrml.org/
Efforts are underway to create standards for a new Dynamic
HTML (DHTML) in a Document Object Model (DOM). However,
progress is slow and will take years according to
"A Tangled Web of Standards," in Internet
Week, September 27, 1997, p. 1. For more on the
WWW Consortium dealing with such issues, see http://www.w3.org/. A problem with DHTML is that it
is inefficient and requires too many scripts to
perform simple tasks. Moving beyond
DHTML is Extensible Markup Language (XML) originating with Goldfarb
and Bosak for putting tags on web pages to facilitate
more efficient web searches. The XML term
is misnamed in the sense that it is not technically
a markup language. XML
is becoming popular for business operations and
web sites. For a review of XML see http://www.trinity.edu/rjensen/xmlrdf.htm. See wrapper.
Some key terms for XML:
- Document Object Model (DOM) = a platform-independent and language-independent
API that compiles an XML document into an internal
tree structure and provides access to components
and underlying data.
- Document Type Definition (DTD) = a template that defines allowable structures in XML. DTD serves
for checking validity in terms of XML.
- eXtensible Style Languate (XSL) = pre-definined XML tags that define the XML data templates
and formatting information for XML. XSL
contains rules for transforming XML documents
into other formats.
- XML parser = a program that parses an XML document. A parser
is a program that receives input from sequential
source program instructions, interactive online
commands, markup tags, or some other defined interface
and breaks them up into parts (for example, the
nouns (objects), verbs (methods), and their attributes
or options) that can then be managed by other
programming (for example, other components in
a compiler). A parser may also check to see that
all input has been provided that is necessary.
The Micrrosoft 2000 upgrades make use of HTML, DHTML, and
XML. For example, it is possible to save an
interactive Excel workbook or an Excel chart as
a dynamic HTML document. For an illustrations,
go to http://www.trinity.edu/rjensen/dhtml/excel01.htm. Also see Round Tripping.
For a review of HTML and network databases, see http://www.trinity.edu/rjensen/260wp/260wp.htm.
See Round Tripping.
See ASP.
See CFML
Advantages of HTML
·
Easy to use with low-cost software (ranging from
zero to $150 in most cases for HTML converters/editors). The latest word processing
upgrades have limited HTML converters and editors
included in the upgrade.
·
Both HTML authors and users can be trained easily and inexpensively.
·
HTML documents can be stored in cache such that the server
is not tied up every time the client user wants
to return to an HTML file (files can be stored in
the browser's cache for short periods of time even
if the user does not formally download and save
the HTML file in a designated directory).
·
HTML documents can be easily printed using browser menu
choices (linked graphics appear on pages as if they
were pasted onto the document itself).
·
It is very easy to modify sizes of graphics images. A stored
gif or jpg file can be viewed in a wide range of
sizes (although increasing the size beyond the stored
image size may result in pixelization).
·
HTML documents are easy to search and have given rise to
popular web search engines (e.g., Yahoo, Altavista,
Lycos, HotBot, etc.).
·
An HTML document can be viewed on multiple platforms (Windows, Macintosh,
UNIX work stations, etc.).
·
HTML on the web can be networked across existing Internet
networks.
·
HTML documents can contain links to graphics, audio, video,
and animation files.
·
HTML documents are easy to access with modern browsers and
save to client machines with minimal or no virus
risks (relative to say virus risks of downloading
word processor documents such as DOC files).
(Browsers, however, are no longer risk free.
See ActiveX.
·
HTML source codes are easy to view and modify --- usually
with the menu choice (View, Source) in a browser.
Disadvantages of HTML
·
HTML is "document" rather than "data"
centered and does not facilitate distributed network computing or relational database management utilities.
·
HTML is static and cannot make arithmetic calculations,
date/time operations, perform Boolean logic, or
revise data on the client or host computers. You
cannot add 2+2 in HTML code.
·
HTML cannot be coded to conduct searches (although other
software can be programmed to search HTML documents).
·
HTML cannot be made to tabulate survey responses (even though
surveys can be conducted using forms in HTML documents).
·
HTML cannot perform security operations (authorize password
clearances, authenticate servers or clients, encode
and decode transmissions, etc.).
·
HTML cannot be made to react to signals such as the reaction
of replying to messages.
·
HTML on the web requires connectivity to the web which, in
turn, requires monthly or annual fees and frustrations
of delays caused by clogged networks having insufficient
bandwidth (especially for users
that must use slow modem connections).
·
HTML generally leads to too many hits when using search
engines. The XML and RDF solutions to this
problem are on the way. See RDF.
For more on the WWW Consortium dealing with such issues,
see http://www.w3.org/. See also CGI, Resource Description Framework, World Wide Web, and HTTP.
For searching information, see Search engine.
HTML Document = A document with a HyperText Markup Language DTD. It must be read using
HTTP protocol. See
HTML.
HTTP = The abbreviation for HyperText Transfer
Protocol, HTTP is used to link and transfer
hypertext documents. The secured socket extension
is HTTPs for HyperText
Transfer Protocol Secure (has
SSL underneath HTTP. Another
extension is HTTPd standing
for Hypertext transfer protocol Daemon. This protocol can be
used to customize web searches and handle response
forms on web documents.
HyperCard = (See Hypermedia, Hypertext, Resource Description Framework, World Wide Web, and Authoring)
Hyperfacts = Hypertext and/or hypermedia
versions of fact books. The best known of these
are encyclopedia CD-ROMs such as the Compton and
Grolier options. But there are many other widely
selling hyperfact books such as The Way Things Work
by David Macauley, a CD-ROM book that has sold over
3 million copies to readers interested in guides
and graphics of important inventions. This and several
other innovative CD-ROM fact books ranging from
sign language to art collections are referenced
by Rigler (1994). (See Hyperfiction, Hypertext, Hypermedia, and Authoring)
Hyperfiction = Hypertext and/or hypermedia
versions of fiction, usually on CD-ROM discs. The
main feature of hyperfiction is that alternative
navigations through the plot are possible. In some
cases the reader creatively determines certain outcomes.
For a review of some of the popular alternatives
see Svoboda (1994). Rigler (1994) reports that electronic
book offerings at the American Booksellers Association
annual meetings seem to be doubling in size annually.
She discusses some of the more popular options such
as Stowaway by Stephen Biesty. (See also Hyperfacts, Hypertext, Hypermedia, and Authoring)
Hyperionics Hypercam = (See Video.)
Hyperlink = Interactive navigation
to other parts of a document, other documents, and
other WWW sites. (See also Hypertext and Hypermedia)
Hypermedia = Hypertext with added
features for audio and video features. Hypermedia
may also entail touchscreen or remote control capabilities
such that users can navigate by touching the computer
screen or remote control devices. Eventually hypermedia
will entail other senses such as smell. The key
to hypermedia is random access that allows lightning-fast
non linear navigation based upon reader choice or
other reader actions such as responses to questions.
The term "multimedia" is not totally synonymous
with "hypermedia," because multimedia
may not entail hypertext authoring. (See also Hypertext, Multimedia, and Timeline presentation) Training workshops
are offered by the IAT (Institute for Advanced
Technology) (919-405-1900). The
IAT also broadcasts training courses via satellite
KU and C bands and distributes tapes of those broadcasts.
An extensive listing of training programs is provided
in Appendix 6. For an introduction to hypermedia,
see Jensen (1993). Further details on
ToolBook and other authoring options are given in
Chapter 3. (Also see Asynchronous Learning Networks, CD, Hyperfiction, Authoring, RAID, and CMS)
Bob Jensen's threads on computing technologies for sight,
sound, touch, smell, and taste are at http://www.trinity.edu/rjensen/senses.htm
The history and trends in authoring are summarized
at http://www.trinity.edu/rjensen/290wp/290wp.htm
Hypertext = Pages of computer text
that are authored in software allowing for non linear
navigation based upon button controls, hotwords,
or other controls that make sequencing of pages
virtually irrelevant. Hypertext authoring packages
typically differ from word processing packages that
are intended primarily for preparing text for hard
copy printing. Hypertext software may have options
to print particular pages, but the intent is for
computer use rather than printing. The key to hypertext
is random access that allows lightning-fast non
linear navigation based upon reader choice or other
reader actions such as responses to questions. (See
also Hypermedia and Timeline presentation.) Popular software terminology
for hypertext includes HyperCard "stacks,"
Authorware "network icons," and ToolBook
"books." Career opportunities in authoring
multimedia are discussed by Jerram (1994a). Courses, trade shows,
and literature on learning how to author multimedia
works are summarized by Lindstrom (1994). The IAT also broadcasts training courses via satellite KU and C
bands and distributes tapes of those broadcasts
for persons unable to view/record them live. An
extensive listing of training programs is provided
in Appendix 6. For an introduction to hypermedia,
see Jensen (1993). See Chapter 3 for hypertext and/or
hypermedia authoring software options. (Also see
Asynchronous Learning Networks, Authoring and CMS)
The history and trends in authoring are summarized
at http://www.trinity.edu/rjensen/290wp/290wp.htm
HX-Pro = An audio tape monitoring
system marketed by Dolby that facilitates recording
of analog audio tapes at higher decibel levels to
reduce tape hiss. This is a feature available on
high-end tape decks. (See also Dolby-NR)
Hz = (See Hertz)
