Cache= A storage area in both
RAM (cache memory) and disc drives (cache controllers)
that keeps frequently accessed instructions more
readily accessible. (See also Bus)
CAL= The most generic of
Computer Aided Learning or
Computer Assisted Learning
terms. CAL encompasses in-class lecture aids, learning
materials for computer labs, electronic books, learning
materials available on networks such as the Internet,
and any other learning aids that are used with computers
or related devices such as compact disc (CD) players
connected to television sets. Especially see the
concept of a shell. (See also Authoring,
Computer
Based Training, Course
Management Systems, Hypertext,
Hypermedia,
and Networks)
Caller ID= Caller identification of the phone number of person placing a call to another
number. Some states now allow telephone owners to
have visual displays of the caller ID.
Camcorder= (See Video camera
and Video
from digital (DV) camcorders. Also see
Video.)
Camera= (See Dry
camera)
CAPTURE= a NetWare utility program
used to redirect output from a printer port on the
workstation to a network printer.
Capture= (See Screen
capturing. Also see Video.)
Card= (See Board)
Careers= (See Authoring)
CASE = Computer Assisted
Software Engineering tools for automating
information systems design and programming. The
CASE tools are listed and extensively explained
at http://www.qucis.queensu.ca/Software-Engineering/toolcat.html#label60
. See also Database
and MDA..
Castanet = (See Webcasting.)
Casting = (See Webcasting.)
CAT= That subset of CAL
that entails Computer Aided Teaching.
This subset is restricted to software designed for
authoring and/or delivery of learning materials
in a classroom or on line in a computer network
or teleconference in which the instructor is present
and using the CAT materials as an aid to his or
her teaching.
CAV= Constant Angular
Velocity playback in magnetic and laser discs
where the disc rotates at a constant speed. Relative
to CLV variable speeds, the CAV approach results
in varying data retrieval times that depend upon
where the read/write head is located relative to
the disc spindle. Authors of CAV disc products try
to locate commonly accessed files closer to spindle.
In videodiscs, CAV discs hold only 30 minutes of
video on each side of a 12-inch disc. However, CAV
facilitates searching for individual frames. (See
also CLV)
CBT= Computer-Based
Training in which the computer becomes a
tutor for asynchronous learning that adjusts to
each student's learning pace. CBT that contains
artificial intelligence for adapting training requirements
and options to different aptitudes and skills of
individual students is referred to in military training
as Intelligent CBT (ICBT) to distinguish ICBT from traditional
CBT that does not automatically adapt to skills
and needs of different learners. (Also see
Authoring,
Computer
Based Training, Computer
Aided Learning,
Course Management
Systems, Hypertext,
Hypermedia,
and Networks).
CD= A "small"
injection-molded optical disc containing digitized
information that has been recorded with a laser
device and must be read on a laser device. The term
"small" generally refers to a disc that
is 8 cm or 12 cm (4.72 inches) in diameter as opposed to videodiscs
that typically are much larger in diameter. Also,
videodiscs usually are restricted to analog inputs
from videotape whereas CDs rely on inputs from computer
tape or other digitized platforms. Although there
are several types of CDs for audio, television,
and computer playback, the CD-Audio and CD-ROM discs
have overwhelming shares of the market. For example,
Kim
(1994) discusses why CD-ROM discs are replacing
floppy discs in a "ground swell." CD-ROM
discs now hold approximately 680 Mb (i.e., 680 million
characters) although compression techniques make
it possible to record CDs from even larger computer
files. Usually CDs have slower access speeds than
magnetic hard drives, but speeds are improving and
playback of video is now possible on both CD-ROM
and CD-I players. Although the best known CDs once
were those that contain only audio recordings, there
is a rapidly growing market for various types of
CDs that contain computer files and/or files that
can be read on special devices connected to television
sets. (See also Bar codes, CAV, CLV, Photo CD,
Videodisc,
Minidisc,
CD-Stand
Alone, Nintendo/SGI
Cartridges, and Laserdisc)
CD Burning= (See CD-R)
CDMA =
Question
What is CDMA technology?
From The Washington Post on February 18, 2006
A joint venture between Nokia Corp. and Sanyo Electronic Corp. means
that they will now control about 20 percent of the world's market for phones
using CDMA technology. What is CDMA?
A. core digital multipe alignment
B. code division multiple access
C. control digital management access
D. control density media attention
CDMA, which stands for "code division multiple access," is
used in the United States by Verizon Wireless and Sprint Nextel Corp., as
well as in Japan, India, China and South Korea. In other markets, including
Europe, the Middle East and Africa, GSM, or Global System for Mobile communications,
is the dominant standard.
CD Phase Change Dual (PD)= (See Phase Change
Dual)
CD Recording= (See CD-R and CD-DVD)
CD32= The 32-bit multimedia
CD system that plays on Amiga Computers from Commodore
Corporation. These CDs are used for CD movies, games,
and educational material on Amiga Computers. The
future of the CD32 is clouded by the 1994 declaration
of bankruptcy by Commodore Corporation. (See also
Amiga)
CD-3DO= A type of compact disc
designed originally to compete against CD-I and
CD-MM for interactive television set entertainment
and, possibly, education. A promoter named Trip
Hawkins put together an impressive grouping of Hollywood
movie studios and other developers of interactive
videos using MPEG compression. Large companies such
as Panasonic, Sanyo, and others are producing playback
machines for TV sets. For an older review
see NewMedia, August 1993, p. 21. For a
more recent review see USA
Today, May 28, 1998 where it is announced
that Trip Hawkins launched a comeback after the
early financial disaster of his 3DO venture.
The 3DO video games lost out completely to competitors
like Matsushita, Philips, Sony, and Victor who agreed
upon a competing CD-Karaoke standard. Prospects
once seemed high that this would emerge a winner.
In 1993, 3DO stock soared in price. Time Magazine,
January 3, 1994, p. 76, ranked the Panasonic CD-3DO
Multiplayer as Number 1
in a listing
and discussion of the top ten "best" new
products of 1993. (In that same listing, the Motorola
PowerPC Chip ranked Number 6 and PDA products came
in at Rank 7 ahead of Mattus Ice Cream at Rank 9.)
However, in 1994, sales of 3DO players have fallen
far short of expectations (except in Japan) and
the 3DO stock price fell from a high of over $45
per share to less than $15. Hawkins invested millions
more of his own money in the company. "This
maker of multimedia game players is fighting for
survival" according to Newsweek on June 13, 1994, p. 40.
Hawkins and his 3DO machines all but disappeared
from the public. However, in May of 1998 they
resurfaced 3DO unveiled 11 video games and targets
to become a small and more focused video game maker.
(See also Games, CD-VIS,
CD-I,
CD-MM, CD-R, and
CD-Karaoke)
CD-AUDIO= A CD that contains
only audio playback. These were invented by Philips
and Sony and have become extremely popular in the
music recording industry. In order for these discs
to be compatible with consumer playback machines,
most discs are recorded according to the CD-Digital
Audio "Reebok" standard.
CDBus= (See Bus)
CD-DVD= Digital Video
(or Versatile) Disc combines the best
features of CD-ROM size and data storage with capacity
for video storage beyond that of videodiscs. DVD
is so revolutionary that in the next decade it will
probably replace VHS videotapes and CD-ROMs and
videodiscs.
A concise review of the
current and forthcoming state of the art for home/office recording of DVD
discs appears in the NewMedia,
December 1998 (pp. 49-52). See http://www.newmedia.com/
Unfortunately, the major vendors are divided between the DVD-RAM Type
1 and 2 standards (Panasonic, Toshiba, Hitachi) versus the DVD+RW standard
(Sony, Philips, HP). At present the competition is somewhat hostile, including
lawsuits over the use of the DVD logo. DVD-RAM is first on the market, but
it is too soon for most of us to abandon our CD-R recorders for DVD-RAM. Although
DVD-RAM and DVD+RW discs will read on most DVD players on computers, neither
type will play on set-top DVD-Video players for television sets. In any case,
you can read about the top three hardware recording machines to date beginning
on Page 49. Another article on this confusing battle of standard setting can
be found at
http://newmedia.com/Today/96/01/09/DVD_Update.html
CD-Erasable = an alternate term for CD-RW compact discs that can be erased and written
over with new and/or updated computer files. For
a more complete discussion see CD-DVD.
The key feature of CD-RW is that these CDs will
play on newer CD-ROM drives. This was not the case
with older CD-Erasable discs. An older type of CD
rewriting technology unveiled by Sony Corporation
in 1993 that will allow for erasing and recording
over CD discs that could not be played back on CD-ROM
drives. Although some companies have sold rewritable
CDs for some time, the playback hardware has not
become a standard like CD-ROM playback drives. In
1997, however, virtually all vendors of CD recording
hardware offer a CD-RW drive that will play and
record discs that will play on CD-ROM drives. This
technology brings the world of CDs closer to the
world of videotapes and floppy discs. However, unlike
floppy discs holding 1.44 Mb of data, the CDs will
hold 650 Mb of data. This makes the recording and
revision of multimedia files in a cheap storage
medium (possibly less than one dollar) a feasible
option. See CD-DVD.
CDF = (See RDF)
CD+G= Audio CD plus still-image
graphics such as with Photo CD. Although these are
commonly displayed on television screens, they are
less interactive than CD-I, CD-VIS, CD-R, CD-Karaoke,
CD-3DO, CD-MM, and CD-TV. For a more technical definition
see http://www.soatusa.com/Cambda/NFProduc.htm
.(See also Photo CD
and CD-Karaoke)
CD-I= Compact Disc-Interactive
compact disc (developed by the Philips electronics
conglomerate headquartered in The Netherlands) that
will play back visual as well as audio CD entertainment
and learning materials in a hypermedia format on
a television set. These discs require special players
for CD-Karaoke that connect to a television much
like a VCR machine. Players cost from $400 to $1,800,
with portable players available that will fit in
a briefcase. Video stores are now selling and renting
CD-I movie, game, encyclopedia, travel, art, and
other types of discs. Realistically, authoring workstations
cost around $50,000 and higher. Typically they have
a remote control device or joy stick for hypermedia
controls. Philips got the market jump on CD-MM from
Sony and CD-3DO from Hawkins. Various CD-I games,
encyclopedias, hypermedia art books, and other consumer
products are available on CD-I discs in department
stores and video stores. Movies on CD-I may now
be purchased or rented from video stores. Unlike
many of the computer game competitors such as Data
Discman and Sega, it is possible to link Mac or
PC desktop computers to other hardware that allows
professors to author their own learning materials
on CD-I discs. To be compatible with CD-I playback
machines, these discs should be recorded on the
CD-ROM XA (extended Architecture) "Yellowbook"
standard. OptImage (515-225-7000) has new high-end
MPEG Digital Video Authoring software for CD-I and
CD-XA. The Education Labels Group of Philips Media
(800-945-4061 or 310-444-6613) under the direction
of Bernard Luskin, a pioneer in TV education materials,
works with educators to develop CD-I discs for education.
With the initial market shock of CD-3DO, the future
of CD-I and CD-MM is seriously in doubt, although
much will hinge on the future cost of desktop authoring
of CD-3DO titles. See CD for market
share data. Miller
and Miller (1992), and Phillips
IMS (1992a,b,c). New software called CD-IT!ALL
from OptImage(515-225-7000) allows Mac users to
record CD-ROM discs directly from the Mac to certain
types of CD-R recorders such as the Philips or Kodak
recorder with an IS0 9660 option. However, to record
CD-I discs the CD-IT!ALL software will not replace
the Media Mogul software and the emulator hardware
required between the Mac computer and the CD-R recorder.
(See also CD-DVD,
CD-VIS,
CD-R,
CD-Karaoke,
CD-3DO,
CD-MM,
CD-TV,
Games,
and Photo
CD)
CD-Karaoke= The video CD format that JVC and Philips initially agreed upon that eventually
became the standard Video CD format agreed upon
by major vendors such as Matushita, Philips, Sony,
and Victor of Japan. Initially, vendors were trying
to develop CDs for television sets that each had
a different standard analogous to having different
track gauges for different railroads. The agreed
upon video standard in 1993 at last makes it possible
to cross platforms in CDs for television. The announcement
is reported in Videography, September 1993, p. 10.
(See CD for market
share data. See also CD-R, CD-I, CD-3DO,
CD-MM,
Games,
and Photo
CD)
CDMA/TDMA= Code Division Multiple Access and Time
Division Multiple Access dual-mode
cellular telephones that aid in the receiving of
fax and computer network data on computers and PDAs.
(See also Wireless
Glossary of Terms,
CDPD, Networks
and PDA)
CD-MM= Older Sony CDs that
compete with CD-VIS, CD-I, and CD-3DO discs that
also play back visual as well has audio entertainment
and learning materials in a hypermedia format on
a television set. These will be replaced with newer
players for CD-DVD.
CD-MM discs required special players that connected
to a television much like a VCR machine. They compete
with CD-I discs but are not the same size and will
not play on CD-I players. Only discs developed by
Sony Corporation will run on CD-MM players. Various
CD-MM games, encyclopedias, hypermedia art books,
and other consumer products are available on CD-I
discs in department stores and video stores. Whereas
CD-I and CD-ROM discs may be recorded on CD-R blanks
in home recording devices, it is less likely that
CD-MM discs will ever be produced outside professional
studios. Users will thus be limited by what Sony
develops and promotes. In 1993, Sony agreed to a
new CD-format that is more in line with other players
in the market. With the initial market shock of
CD-3DO, the future of CD-I and CD-MM is seriously
in doubt. (See also CD-DVD,
CD-3DO,
CD-Karaoke,
CD-VIS,
and CD-I)
CD-PD= (SeeWireless
Glossary of Terms and Phase Change
Dual (PD))
CDPD= Cellular Digital
Packet Data technology that facilitates
more traffic on existing cellular networks. CDPD
hardware is required for sending e-mail to PDAs.
(See also Wireless
Glossary of Terms and PDA)
CD-Photo= (See Photo
CD)
CD-R or CD-RW= a term used for machines
(drives) that will record CD laser discs that will
read on standard CD-ROM drives. CD "encoding"
depicts the recording (burning or transfer of files)
to a CD, whereas CD "decoding" depicts
the reading of those files. The term CD-Erasable
in the early 1990s depicted recording of erasable
CDs that could not be read only in special drives
rather than CD-ROM drives. The first CD-RW drive
on the market (in March 1997) is from RICOH
for $595. Now CD-RW is the latest thing in erasable
CDs. In times past, CD-R depicted a recordable CD
blank disc also known as a CD-WORM disc. CD-R is
now an obsolete term since, in 1997, CD-RW discs
also known as CD-RW or CD-Rewritable discs made
"read only memory" a thing of the past.
Of course it is always possible to file protect
and computer files in any type of storage so that
they cannot be overwritten. In 1997, virtually all
the manufacturers of CD-RW recording machines for
CD-ROMs will offer CD-Erasable drives that will
likely replace most CD-R technology up to 1997.
Laser recording machines typically connect to a
computer's SCSI or IDE controller. High-end desktop
computers now come with CD-R or CD-RW recorders
and players all in the same drive. Costs of a CD-R
recorder have fallen by over 90% to less than $800.
Recording CDs of any type is often referred to as
"burning" or "baking."
A CD recorder will not record every type of CD.
Virtually all of them record CD-ROM discs and some
will record CD-I discs. Rewritable versions are
also available, but these will not play back on
standard CD-ROM drives. CD-DVD recording requires
more expensive hardware. Some record CD-Karaoke
with appropriate software. Some CDs such as CD-MM
and CD-3DO cannot usually be recorded on home recorders.
CD-ROM and other types of CDs can be reproduced
for less than $1 per disc. If you are purchasing
a CD-R recorder, the high-end software and hardware
for recording is reviewed in NewMedia,
February 10, 1997, pp. 53-69. (See also CD-DVD,
CD-Erasable,
WORM,
CD-I, CD-3DO,
CD-MM,
Phase
Change Dual (PD), Games, and
Photo
CD)
CD-R2= (See CD-DVD)
CD-RW or CD-Rewritable= (See CD-DVD
)
CD-ROM= Compact Disc-Read
Only Memory compact discs. This is
now an obsolete term since, in 1997, CD-RW discs
also known as CD-Rewritable discs made "read
only memory" a thing of the past. These 5.25
inch discs can be recorded, written over at will
(unless file protected), and played back from computers
connected to proper recording and/or playback drives.
The CD-RW drives become like hard drives or floppy
disc drives in that CD-RW discs may store files
that can be executed in software packages such as
word processors, spreadsheet software, ToolBook
books, and HyperCard stacks. Some users want them
to serve as auxiliary storage devices for computer
text, audio, and video files. CD-RW drives will
eventually be replaced by CD-DVD drives for DVD
and DVD-RAM discs that are the same size but hold
more than 20 times as much data. The problem for
DVD is that CD-ROM drives exist in millions of computers
and it will take time for the newer DVD hardware
to take over as a standard. Presently, it is also
much cheaper to record (encode) CD-RW discs using
CD-R recorders costing less than $800. (See also
CD-DVD
and CD-ROM
titles)
CD-ROM Titles= Books and games available on CD-ROM discs. Comparisons are difficult, because
there are thousands in hundreds of markets. For
example, see ADAM for one of the top medical and
science titles that has done very well in a narrow
market. The top titles in the general market according
to PC Computing, December 1994, p. 206 are Microsoft
Bookshelf (206-882-8080), Myst (415-382-4400), and
Normandy (302-986-0444). PC World, December 1994,
in a cover feature rates a larger number of titles
by topic areas: One especially noteworthy CD-ROM
title that has been popular in the consumer market
is David Macaulay's The Way Things Work from Dorling
Kindersley Publishing (800-225-3362). The number
of CD-ROM titles has been nearly doubling each year
for the past several years. It appears this will
be the most popular electronic publishing medium
for the rest of this decade. (See also ADAM)
CD-ROM XA= (See CD-ROM)
CD-RW= (See CD-ROM)
CD-Stand Alone= Reference to audio/video players that stand alone in the sense of not needing
a computer. The term generally refers to set-top
video boxes for network television or to CD players
such as CD-3DO, CD-I, CD-MM, CD-TV, CD-VIS, etc.
(See also Set-top
box and CD)
CD-Standards = See http://www.soatusa.com/Cambda/NFProduc.htm
CD-TV= Commodore Dynamic-Total
Vision player manufactured by Commodore Corporation
to compete with CD-I, CD-MM, CD-VIS, and CD-3DO
CD players for television sets. CD-TV discs are
viewed in television sets from a CD-TV player or
on Amiga video computers. They may not, however,
be played on CD-ROM players. See CD for market
share data. The market share of CD-TV is so small
that its future is quite uncertain and is clouded
by the 1994 declaration of bankruptcy by Commodore
Corporation. (See also CD-I, CD-3DO,
CD-MM,
CD-VIS,
Games,
and Photo
CD)
CD-VIS= The Memorex MD-2500
Visual Information System CD
player marketed by Radio Shack that competes with
CD-MM, CD-I, and CD-3DO discs that also play back
visual as well has audio interactive entertainment
on television sets. The Memorex MD-2500 requires
no host computer to perform interactive operations
from a remote control. Compton's Multimedia Encyclopedia
disc and some other discs are available, but the
market share of CD-VIS never became great enough
to attract widespread authorship of VIS discs. At
present there are very few titles and interest in
CD-VIS relative to CD-I and CD-3DO is waning.
CD-WORM= (See CD-R)
CETA= Center for Educational
Technology in Accounting (817-565-3090)
at The University of North Texas, P.O. Box 13677,
College of Business Administration, The University
of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203-3677. CETA is no
longer operational. CETA once served as a
clearinghouse of information on use of technology
in accounting education and research.
CFML = Cold Fusion
Markup Language for creation of dynamic
and interactive Web pages. Along with the
usual Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) tags that
determine page layout and appearance, the page creator
uses CFML tags to bring in content based on the
results of a database query or user input. CMFL
is a proprietary language developed for use with
ColdFusion, a product from Allaire. See also
Database
and HTML.
CGA= (See Graphics
adapter)
CGI= Common Gateway
Interface is one of the most popular UNIX-based
programs/devices that supply interfaces between
browsers and servers on the Internet. A standard
for running external programs from a World-Wide
Web HTTP server. CGI specifies how to pass dynamic
components to the executing program as part of the
HTTP request. For example, it will allow answers
typed into an HTML form on the client computer to
be tabulated and stored in a database on the server-side
computer. Commonly, the server-side CGI program
will generate some HTML which will be passed back
to the client's browser. For example, it might report
to the client user that the form is not filled out
properly or report the invoice total of an order.
CGI allows the returned HTML (or other document
type) to depend in any arbitrary way on the request.
The CGI program can, for example, access information
in a database and format the results as HTML. CGI
is not a programming language. There are various
"CGI" scripting programs. Perl is a common
choice for writing CGI scripts. in UNIX code. Some
HTTP servers require CGI programs to reside in a
special directory, often "/cgi-bin" but
better servers provide ways to distinguish CGI programs
so they can be kept in the same directories as the
HTML files to which they are related. In order to
improve performance, Netscape devised NSAPI and
Microsoft developed the ISAPI standard which allow
CGI-like tasks to run as part of the host server
process, thus avoiding the overhead of creating
a new process to handle each CGI invocation.
CGM= Computer Graphics
Metafile international standard for 16-bit
color graphics. CGM files cross platforms between
PCs and Macs and can be generated in most graphics,
paintbrush, and draw software. (See also Graphics
and Cross-platform)
Channel= Transmission line that
can carry the sound of a separate MIDI instrument.
Each MIDI port allows up to 16 separate channels
for sending or receiving data. Each channel can
function as a separate instrument in an ensemble,
each using its own patch and responding independently
to continuous controllers. (See also MIDI).
Channel has another meaning
on the World Wide Web. (See Webcasting.)
Channel Definition Format
(CDF) = (see Resource
Description Format (RDF))
Channel Casting/Surfing = (See Webcasting.)
Chat Lines or Chat
Rooms = real time internet conversations
(written or oral) that transpire in real (synchronous)
time as opposed to conferencing (e.g., message board
posting and topic classification." There are
many sources for free chat software downloads. One
such source is at http://www.chat.yahoo.com/. Comparisons with bulletin
boards, email groups, chat rooms, etc. are made
in the e-mail definition of this glossary. See
e-mail definition, IRC, Listserv, USENet, teleconferencing, videoconferencing, webcasting, andtelephony.
Chipping (See Security)
CHRP = Common Hardware Reference
Platform architecture in processors for Power PCs.
This term has been replaced by "PowerPC Reference
Platform" and is IBM's open system standard
intended to ensure compatibility among PowerPC-based
systems built by different companies.
CISC= Complex Instruction
Set Computing chipsets such as the
Intel family of popular 386, 486, and Pentium competitors
and the Motorola 680x0 family in Mac computers.
These were the most popular processors until the
RISC alternatives entered the market. The future
of CISC versus RISC is now up in the air. (See also
Pentium, USENet, and RISC)
Click fraud
- In online advertising, click fraud involves sending fraudulent clicks to
Cost Per Click (CPC) advertisers. The clicks can be artificially generated
via automated technology methods (such as hitbots) or via manual clicking
for the purpose of debiting CPC advertiser accounts or increasing CPC network
partner/affiliate commission revenues. ...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Click_fraud
Yahoo settles "click fraud" lawsuit
Yahoo Inc. will consider refunding money to
thousands of advertisers dating back to January 2004 and pay $4.95 million
in attorney fees to settle a class-action lawsuit alleging the Internet powerhouse
has been profiting from bogus sales referrals generated through a sham known
as ''click fraud.'' The agreement, given preliminary approval Wednesday by
U.S. District Judge Christina Snyder in Los Angeles, doesn't limit Yahoo's
liability -- one of several contrasts to a settlement reached in March by
online search engine leader Google Inc. to resolve a class-action lawsuit
over the same issue . . . Although Yahoo doesn't know how much money it will
end up refunding, company officials seem confident it will be a relatively
small amount. Yahoo's ad revenue totaled $9.1 billion from January 2004 through
March of this year. "We want to keep our advertisers happy,'' said Yahoo
lawyer Reggie Davis. ''Whatever credits are owed will be 100 percent forthcoming.''
"Update: Click Fraud Class-Action Suits at Yahoo and Google,"
MIT's Technology Review, July 3, 2006 --- http://www.technologyreview.com/read_article.aspx?id=17118
Client= A computer that has
access to services over a computer network. The computer providing the services
is a server. Note: in an X-11 environment, the meanings of client and server
are reversed. See Database.
Client-server= A corporate computing trend that is gradually replacing
the old way of conducting business--large mainframe
computers connected to terminals. In the new arrangement,
company software applications run on a midrange
computer (the server) that is connected over networks
to PCs (clients). (See also Server)
Client-server architecture= An information-passing
scheme that works as follows: a client program,
such as Mosaic, sends a request to a server. The
server takes the request, disconnects from the client
and processes the request. When the request is processed,
the server reconnects to the client program and
the information is transferred to the client. This
architecture differs from traditional Internet databases
where the client connects to the server and runs
the program from the remote site. Note: in an X-11
environment, the meanings of client and server are
reversed.
Clipboard= A holding device that contains the most recently copied or cut text or image
such that contents of the clipboard can be pasted
one or more times into other parts of the document
at hand or other documents. It is usually possible
to cross between different software options such
as between Windows programs.
Clipper Chip =
See http://www.cpsr.org/program/clipper/clipper.html
The Clipper
Chip is a cryptographic device being promoted by the U.S. government.
Its purported advantage is that it provides a standard for securing private
voice communication. With Clipper, however, the government has the opportunity
to obtain decryption keys that are held in escrow by two government agencies.
Although the Clipper proposal requires legal authorization to obtain these
keys, the history of illegal domestic surveillance by Federal agencies makes
the existence of this "back-door" decryption channel a cause for
concern.
Also see security.
Clock speed= The speed of the processor is measured with the clock frequency. The processor
consistently works internally at the same clock
frequency. The IBM PC has a clock frequency of 4.77
MHz (Megahertz). Compatibles sometimes use higher
frequencies, but higher speeds may create compatibility
problems.
CLV= Constant Linear
Velocity playback in magnetic and laser discs
where the disc rotates at varying speeds. Relative
to CAV constant speeds, the CAV approach results
in constant data retrieval times that do not depend
upon where the read/write head is located relative
to the disc spindle. CLV videodiscs hold up to 60
minutes of video per side of a 12-inch disc. However,
CLV discs cannot be searched for individual frames
as effectively as CAV discs. (See also CAV)
CMC = Cmputer Mediated
Communication, a very broad term that encompasses
chat lines, virtual communities, and other forms
of communication. See IRC, Collaboration, and Virtual. See also Groupware.
CMS= That subset of CAL
that entails Course Management Systems.
This software is defined by the "core"
attributes listed in Chapter 3. Chief among these
attributes are utilities that allow instructors
to keep student records, call up examination templates
and questions, administer examinations, track student
learning in course modules, and randomly access
lecture and case materials. CMS software options
compared in Chapter 3 are Quest, TourGuide, LessonBuilder,
Tencore, Course Builder, HyperGraphics, Authorware,
and Peak. Present CMS leaders are Quest for
Windows and DOS and Macromedia Authorware for Mac
operating systems. It is common to build custom
CMS features into hypertext/hypermedia developments.
For example, the Arizona State University accounting
lab simulation package marketed by McGraw-Hill has
core CMS attributes that were scripted into that
package by the author even though ToolBook is not
a full-featured CMS package. McGraw-Hill can sell
the package without paying a royalty fee since ToolBook
has no runtime usage fee. There are some CMS packages
such as Quest, LessonBuilder, CourseBuilder, and
Peak that have no runtime/royalty fees. But CMS
options have drawbacks in spite of their utilities
for educators. Except for Quest and Tencore, the
other CMS packages do not have full-featured scripting
options of such major hypermedia competitors as
Multimedia ToolBook, Apple Media Kit, HyperWriter,
Icon Author, etc. CMS options do not cross platforms
to run on multiple platforms as well as hypermedia
GainMomentum, ScriptX and Icon Author. Especially
see the concept of a shell. (See also Runtime, Hypertext and Hypermedia)
Coaxial cable= A cable consisting of a single metal wire surrounded by insulation,
which is itself surrounded by a braided or foil
outer conductor.
CODEC = hardware and software for compressing and decompressing larve volumes
of data. The term generally applies to large
multimedia files.
CollabraShare = collaboration groupware
from Netscape Corporation. Netscape Collabra provides
enterprise group discussions based on Internet standards,
letting the groups share and track information efficiently.
Collabra makes it easy to share information and
create a knowledge base that people can access at
any time. You can eliminate unnecessary meetings
and save valuable time by discussing important issues
in a public or private discussion forum. Netscape
Collabra extends open Internet standards to create
a powerful collaboration tool for the corporation,
and it seamlessly integrates with Netscape Collabra
Server. See http://home.netscape.com/.../faq.html#collabra. See also Groupware, Lotus Notes, and Collaboration.
Collaboration = a joint effort that
network technology has facilitated with email, FTP,
and more advanced means of sharing ideas, documents,
and data. Writing has become more of a collaborative
effort since the dawn of the WWW. The WWW takes
authors beyond the telephone by enabling them to
speak to one another (audio), see one another (videoconferencing),
and visualize documents and data. Software alternatives
for collaborative authoring are reviewed at http://www.trinity.edu/rjensen/245soft1.htm . See also CMC, CollabraShare, IRC, Videoconferencing, Groupware, and Virtual.
Collar = a derivative instruments
investing term where an investor puts a "collar"
around investment risk, usually by selling a put
option (an option to purchase) and purchasing a
call option (an option to sell) around an investment.
Amgen and Oracle sold put warrants on their own
common stock and then used the proceeds to purchase
calls on the same stock. This process is called
a "costless
collar" and is used to express
a bullish view of the stock by management.
Compact disc= (See CD)
Companding= (See dbx)
Compression= Has several meanings.
In one context, it refers to algorithms for shrinking
the storage space required for files stored on discs.
In those instances, nothing is usually sacrificed
in the compression, although files may have to be
decompressed before they can be utilized later on.
In another context, compression refers to the storage
of graphics or video files in such a way that they
can be stored and/or processed more efficiently
on computers. In the latter case, something (e.g.,
color depth, resolution, image sharpness, etc.)
is usually lost in the process. (See also GIF, JPEG, Indeo, and MPEG)
Computer= An electronic system that can store and process information under program
control.
Computer Based Training = (See CBT )
CompuServe= A commercial network
that has some of the "richest offerings available,
but it has been the slowest to change and can be
much costlier than the other two services, especially
if you make heavy use of some of its best features"
according to Mossberg (1994a). It has a wide choice
of bulletin boards, U.S. News and World Reports
magazine, and Navigator to the Internet. News services
are relatively cheap, but modem line costs are somewhat
expensive. (See also Networks, Internet, SLIP, America Online, eWorld, Interchange, and Prodigy)
Computer Virus = (See Virus)
Concurrency Control= Concurrency control deals with the issues involved with allowing multiple
people simultaneous access to shared entities, be
they objects, data records, or some other representation.
It is very important to have a recovery system such
that if bad data is entered in a shared environment
the databases can be recovered. It is important
understand transactions, which are collections of
actions that potentially modify records. More
than one record may be involved, especially in double
entry bookkeeping. An example of a transaction
is a transfer of funds between two bank accounts.
Concurrency controls are related to transactions
controls, but they are not the same since transactions
controls apply to single-person as well as multiple-person
access. Transactions controls are intended
to assure that updated transactions are allowable
and orderly. Transactions in relational databases
are often commands in a two phase commit system.
A "two phase commit" transactions control
is the process by which a relational database ensures
that distributed transactions are performed in an
orderly manner. In this system, transactions may
be terminated by either committing them or rolling
them back. Also see Database.
Configuration= This is a general-purpose computer term that can refer to the way you
have your computer set up. It is also used to describe
the total combination of hardware components that
make up a computer system and the software settings
that allow various hardware components of a computer
system to communicate with one another.
Configure= The act of changing software or hardware actions by changing the settings.
Console= The file server.
Control code= Special nonprinting codes that cause electronic equipment to perform
specific actions.
Conventional memory= (See RAM)
Cookies= Applets that enable
a web site to collect information about each user
for later reference (as in finding cookies in the
cookie jar). Web Browsers like Netscape Navigator
set aside a small amount of space on the user's
hard drive to record detected preferences.
Cookies perform storage on the client side that
might otherwise have to be stored in a generic-state
or database server on the server side. Cookies can
be used to collect information for consumer profile
databases. Browsers can be set to refuse cookies.
"Erasing Cookies From a PC," by Annelena Lobb, The Wall
Street Journal, July 26, 2005; Page D1 --- http://online.wsj.com/...todays_us_personal_journal
Erasing Cookies From a PC
The Problem: Your PC is filling up with cookies, which let Web sites track
your Internet-browsing habits.
The Solution: Cookies are short text files that attach to your PC when you
visit Web sites. Some disappear from your computer when you exit Internet
Explorer, while others remain. You'll likely want to keep some cookies
on your PC -- you can't visit sites like Yahoo and Gmail without them.
In other cases, they let you avoid retyping your ZIP Code or address
every time you visit.
Here's how to avoid unwanted cookies: When
using Internet Explorer, go to the "Tools" menu and click
on "Internet Options." Select the "Privacy" tab,
and click on "Advanced Settings." Check the box that lets
you override automatic cookie handling. Then you can ask to be prompted
whenever cookies appear -- you'll get a pop up asking whether you want
to accept it. If you later wish to change your settings, click the "Edit"
button under the "Privacy" tab. You can delete it from the
list of managed sites. |
Powerful Cookies 1.0.7
http://www.freewebs.com/powerfulcookies/
For those people who are concerned about erasing evidence
of their Internet activity stored in their browser, Powerful Cookies 1.0.7
may be worth taking a look at. Visitors can use this program to delete cookies,
clean index.dat files, clean the cache, remove temporary files, and erase
typed URLs. This application is compatible with Windows 95 or newer.
Bob Jensen's technology bookmarks are at http://www.trinity.edu/rjensen/Bookbob4.htm
Many times when you browse a website, your browser checks to see if
you have any pre-defined preferences (cookie) for that server if you do it
sends the cookie to the server along with the request for a web page. Sometimes
cookies are used to collect items of an order as the user places things in
a shopping cart and has not yet submitted the full order. A cookie allows
WWW customers to fill their orders (shopping carts) and then be billed based
upon the cookie payment information. Cookies retain information about a users
browsing patterns at a web site. This creates all sorts of privacy risks since
information obtained from cookies by vendors or any persons who put cookies
on your computer might be disclosed in ways that are harmful to you.
Browsers will let you refuse cookies with a set up that warns you when someone
is about to deliver a cookie, but this really disrupts Web surfing and may
block you from gaining access to may sites. It is probably better to
accept cookies for a current session and then dispose of unwanted cookies
as soon as possible so that cookie senders do not obtain repeated access to
your private information. Microsoft Corporation has added the following
utilities to the Internet Explorer (IE) browser according to http://www.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/07/21/ms.cookies.idg/
The Internet Explorer 5.5 changes include the following:
" Notifications that Microsoft said will help users differentiate
between first- and third-party cookies, plus automatic prompts that inform
users anytime a third-party cookie is being offered by a Web site.
" A "delete all cookies" control button that
has been added to the browser's main "Internet options" page to
make it easier for users to get rid of cookies.
" New topics that have been added to Internet Explorer's
help menu to better answer questions about cookies and their management.
Instruction for cookies control using Internet Explorer --- http://www.scholastic.com/cookies.htm
To accept cookies if you are using a PC running Windows...
Internet Explorer 5 1. Click Tools, and then click Internet Options.
2. Click the Security tab.
3. Click the Internet zone.
4. Select a security level other than High.
-or-
Click Custom Level, scroll to the Cookies section, and then click Enable
for both cookie options.
5. Click on Apply.
6. Click on OK.
Other nations, notably in Europe, have placed more severe restrictions
on the use of cookies. See http://www.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/07/21/eu.spam.idg/index.html
An Innovative Cookie Jar
The big question is whether Microsoft will adapt to StealthSurfer
or introduce a competitive product for Internet Explorer. My guess is
no! We may have to install Netscape once again just to keep pesky cookies
off the main hard drive.
"Furtive Surfers Find a Way to Keep Their Travels Secret,"
by Howard Millman, The New York Times, March 4, 2004 --- http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/04/technology/circuits/04quie.html
A new thumb-size U.S.B. drive from a company called StealthSurfer
aims to guard your privacy by keeping the records of your Web activity close
to the vest. When you plug in the StealthSurfer and use its customized version
of the Netscape browser, the device stores the cookies, U.R.L. history, cache
files and other traces of your Web browsing that would ordinarily accumulate
on your computer's hard drive. When you're done surfing, you unplug the drive
and take the records of your travels with you.
StealthSurfer's name is a bit of an overstatement. It does
keep your Web-hopping and file-sharing activities away from prying eyes after
the fact. But since it uses your computer's Internet connection, the Web sites
you visit can still track your Internet protocol address as you move around
online.
The StealthSurfer comes in four capacities, ranging from
64 megabytes ($70) to 512 megabytes ($299). You may experience a slight reduction
in performance when you use the device because its flash memory writes data
at slower speeds than a full-size hard drive does.
On the other hand, installation is a breeze - computers
running Windows Me, 2000 and XP recognize the StealthSurfer as a drive when
it is plugged in. (If you're running Windows 98, you must download a driver
The StealthSurfer home page is at http://www.stealthsurfer.biz/
Don't you hate it now that some businesses now use biz instead of com in their
URLs?
Question 1:
How can you send email anonymously?
Answer 1:
Simply set up an email account under a fictitious name. For example,
you can send email under multiple fictitious names from the Yahoo email server
at http://www.yahoo.com/ (Click on
'Mail" in the row "Connect")
Question 2:
How can you be totally anonymous on the Web such that cookie monsters do not
track your Web navigation at your site and bad guys cannot track your surfing
habits or get at your personal information such as medical records, name,
mail address, phone number, email address, etc.? (You can read about
cookie monsters at
Answer 2:
There is probably no way to be 100% safe unless you use someone else's computer
without them knowing you are using that computer on the Web. In most
instances, the owner of the computer (a university, a public library, an employer,
etc.) will know who is using the computer, but cookie monsters and bad guys
on the Web won't have an easy time finding out who you are without having
the powers of the police.
About the safest way to remain anonymous as a Web surfer is to sign
up for Privada from your IP Internet provider that obtain your line connection
from for purposes of connecting to the Web. In most instances, surfers
pay a monthly fee that will increase by about $5.00 per month for the Pivada
service (if the IP provider has Privada or some similar service). To
read more about Privada, go to http://industry.java.sun.com/.../0,2353,4514,00.html
Privada Control (Application)
Primary Market Target: Utilities&Services
Secondary Market Target: Financial Services
Description Used with Privada Network, PrivadaControl provides
the consumer component of Privada's services, and is distributed to end-users
by network service providers. Users create an online identity that cannot
be linked to their real-world identity, allowing them to browse the Internet
with the level of privacy they choose while still reaping the benefits of
personalized content. PrivadaControl is built entirely in the Java(TM) programming
language and runs completely in a Java Virtual Machine.
I added a Special Section to the document entitled
"Opportunities of E-Business Assurance: Risks in Assuring Risk"
at http://www.trinity.edu/rjensen/ecommerce/assurance.htm
For more information about fraud and security,
go to http://www.trinity.edu/rjensen/fraud.htm
(See also Finger, Security, and World Wide Web)
Copeland= The name given to Apple's
troubled operating OS 8 System 8.0 for Mac and PowerPC
computers. New features were to include OpenDoc
object programming support, advanced security, TCP/IP
support, and IPX support. Although it was expected
to be released in 1996, Copeland was once again
delayed for purposes of adding competitive features,
especially networking utilities. In early 1997,
Mac OS 8 (Copeland) development was purportedly
in a state of chaos after losing some important
engineers and the director of OS 8 development.
The development was sidetracked when Apple purchased
Steve Job's NEXTStep and announced that NEXTStep would
become the core of future Mac and PowerMac operating
systems. Apple's hopes are riding heavily upon the
evolution of a new operating system called Rhapsody that is a revolutinary operating
system based upon NEXTStep technology. (See also Mac, PowerPC, Operating system, NEXTStep, Mozart, Gershwi, and )
Coprocessor= Electronic component
that relieves the microprocessor of some important
tasks. Increased performance can often be achieved
through the use of coprocessors. For example, a
math coprocessor performs many of the math operations
outside the microprocessor. A coprocessor may also
speed graphics computations.
Copying= (See VCR, CD-R, Wide-screen TV, and SCMS)
CORBA= Common Object
Request Broker Architecture
is in competition with Microsoft's OLE/DCOM object-oriented
Middleware technology for business
applicaions. CORBA is most popular in communications
Middleware using an Object
Request Broker ORB. CORBA evolved
out of TCP/IP. DCOM is bundled with the Windows
2000 operating system but has lackluster support
for other operating systems. CORBA is more flexible
with other operating systems. Both CORBA and OLE/DCOM
are designed to distribute objects or assembly of
appplications from discreet, self-contained components.
Both are appealing in the fast growing technology
of "object middleware." Object middleware
has corporate appeal due to the ability to provide
highly abstracted object-oriented programming interfaces.
Microsoft added new terminology in this area. For
example, COM depicts a Component Object
Model to describe the base model used for
building components. The term DCOM is the
Distributed form of COM. ActiveX (formerly OCX) is the
packaging technology for controls and supercedes
prior Visual Basic Controls known as VBX. OLE no longer means
object linking and embedding. OLE now refers to
a collection of technologies. For interactive computing
on the web, see Distributed Network Computing. A good textbook chapter
on CORBA is given at http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~wwwbtb/fall.96/book/chap20/index.html. Also see RPC and http://www.trinity.edu/rjensen/260wp/260wp.htm#ODBC.
An excellent article that compares XML and CORBA was written by Mark Elenko and Mike Reinertsen,
"XML & CORBA," Application Development Trends, September
1999, pp. 45-50. For some reason the article is not available online
along with the other articles that are online at http://www.adtmag.com/ (Maybe it will be made
available by the time you read this edition of New Bookmarks):
It is still important to sometimes distinguish CORBA from
XML. CORBA is an enabling technology for creating sophisticated, distributed
object systems on heterogeneous platforms. XML is a technology for conveying
structured data in a portable way. CORBA allows users to connect disparate
systems and form object architectures. XML will allow users to transmit
structured information within, between and out of those systems, and to represent
information in a universal way in and across architectures. Both technologies
are platform-, vendor- and language-independent. The conceptual fit
is perfect. To see where and how this fit is best realized, we will
examine how to actually combine CORBA and XML from a series of widening perspectives.
A May 3, 2001 email message:
Dr. Jensen,
I searched the article by Mark Elenko and Mike Reinertsen, "XML &
CORBA," that you write in http://www.trinity.edu/~rjensen/245glosf.htm#CORBA ... but
I found slides at URL: http://www.xenotrope.com/fipresentations.html
Regards.
Filippo Spadaro
ActiveX merges Microsoft's concept of Object
Linking and Embedding (OLE) with interactive programming for
the Internet. Its main main purposes for the Internet are to include live
multimedia effects such as real (streaming) audio and to make it easy to bring
web documents to life with virtual reality, including 360 degree video. ActiveX does not require HTML. ActiveX
can perform many of the tasks that are also performed with Macromedia's Shockwave,
but the ActiveX can create interactivity with much smaller file sizes and
bandwidth requirements. As an illustration, visit Macromedia's FutureWave
web site at http://www.macromedia.com/futurewave/. See also Distributed Network Computing. See also ActiveX and Visual Basic.
Welcome to OTM
What exactly are Object
Transaction Monitors (OTMs)? In short, OTMs are
a new category of middleware that should incorporate much of today's "best-of-breed"
middleware technology features. Products in this category should support the
object model without compromising the scalability, stability and performance
characteristics offered by transaction processing (TP) monitors. OTMs should
also
combine support for the synchronous communication model (found in most of
the middleware categories, such as CORBA and COM) with support for the asynchronous
communication model [found in message-oriented middleware products such as
Microsoft Message Queue Server (MSMQ) and IBM's MQSeries].
There are a number of OTMs on the market today, although the exact number
offered is not clear -- it depends on who is doing the talking and whether
a product is generally available or in beta release. The veteran in the OTM
market is Microsoft Transaction Server (MTS) from Microsoft Corp., Redmond,
Wash., which began shipping in late 1996. M3 (formerly known as "Iceberg"),
from Sunnyvale, Calif.-based BEA Systems Inc., was launched this June, with
general availability of its first release scheduled for late July. The status
of IBM's OTM offering, Component Broker, is unclear. Depending on whom you
talk to at IBM, the next version of Component Broker is either in the early
beta or late beta phase. http://www.adtmag.com/pub/Aug98/fe801-2.htm
Welcome to MTS
Microsoft Transaction Server is a distributed runtime environment
for COM objects that began shipping approximately 18 months ago. It provides
a sophisticated infrastructure for activating and running objects across the
network. MTS provides automatic transaction management, database connection
pooling, process isolation, automatic thread-pooling, automatic object instance
management, resource sharing, role-based security, transaction monitoring
within distributed applications and much more. These services are necessary
for scaling server-side components and supporting a substantial number of
concurrent client requests. MTS performs all of these services automatically,
and without the need for application developers to write special code. A developer
can therefore develop server-side components with a single client in mind.
http://www.adtmag.com/pub/Aug98/fe801.htm
CORE= The Chapter 3 "core"
attributes that distinguish CMS software/systems
from other CAL options. (See also CMS)
CPU= Central Processing
Unit that encompasses a computer's RAM, processing,
and control circuitry, including the arithmetic-logic
(ALU) unit. Both the ALU and the control units are
wholly contained on the microprocessing chip whereas
the primary storage is on the mother board or the
expansion bus. For test comparisons of Intel Pentium,
PowerPC, and Mips R4X00, and DEC Alpha, see Montgomery (1994). Montgomery ranks Pentium
and Mips highest in terms of file servers. He ranks
Pentium higher on most graphics and business applications
criteria except for price since PowerPC is a cheaper
alternative. There are, of course, other considerations.
The PowerPC currently performs better than Pentium
in terms of temperature, speed, and price, but all
these advantages are expected to disappear when
Intel introduces its upgrade versions of the Pentium.
The PowerPC, however, will not perform as well using
DOS and Windows operating systems. (See also Alpha processor, Pentium, MIPS, PowerPC, CISC, RISC, Operating system, and Motherboard)
Cracker = (See Phreaker.)
CRM = Customer
Relationship Management system based
upon information technology. Central to CRM
are databases customer relationships in sufficient
detail so that management, salespeople, people providing
service, and perhaps the customer directly could
access information, match customer needs with product
plans and offerings, remind customers of service
requirements, know what other products a customer
had purchased, and so forth. See Database and SAP.
New Offering from PwC Division touts consistent CRM PwC ConsultingTM,
a division of financial services organization PricewaterhouseCoopers,
has released CRM ACCEL - a complete multi-channel
CRM program designed to help companies reduce the
cost of serving customers while increasing revenue.
http://www.newmedia.com/nm-ie.asp?articleID=3144
A CRM portals page is at http://www.downesmarketing.co.uk/crmlinks.html
Cross-platform= The ability of a software
package or an electronic "book" to run
in more than one operating system such as Icon Author
and TIE crossings between Windows, Unix, and DOS
operating systems. Rosenthal (1995) compares hypermedia
authoring software having cross-platform
capabilities. Some will only play back on cross-platforms
but cannot be used to author in the platform of
choice. Apple Media Kit and ScriptX authoring will
run in DOS, Mac, Unix, and other operating systems,
but neither option can be used for authoring in
DOS or Windows. Insight into Multimedia and TIE
can be used to playback in UNIX but authoring can
only be undertaken in Windows. Hardware that crosses
platforms in emulation (such as playing back Windows
software in emulation on a Mac computer) frequently
does not work well with complex authoring systems
such as CBT ToolBook or Quest options that only
perform well in Windows. Often very expensive options
are priced for cross-platform capabilities that
are limited in terms of authoring features present
in software that will not cross platforms. GainMomentum
authoring package from Sybase crosses platforms
between UNIX, Windows, and Windows 2000. However,
in spite of its very high price this package does
not contain many of the wonderful authoring features
found in Windows-only CBT ToolBook that is less
than 10% of the cost of GainMomentum. Only a small
proportion (less than 20%) of the hypermedia authoring
options have cross-platform capabilities, but it
is becoming a priority of many vendors to upgrade
their products with cross-platform capabilities.
Beware that some products like Apple Media Kit,
Icon Author, TIE, Macromedia Authorware, Macromedia
Director, Cast, Course Builder, Insight Into Multimedia,
Oracle Media Objects, PowerMedia, Test, GainMomentum,
and ScriptX may claim cross-platform capabilities,
but it is not possible, for example, to translate
complex hypermedia animations and high resolution
graphics from a Mac to a Windows operating system
and vice versa. See CGM for computer graphics metafiles
that cross platforms between PC and Mac computers.
Adobe Acrobat software is designed for cross-platform
applications of many types of files, but it has
limited or no ability to cross multimedia platforms.
The term "cross-platform" can also apply
to hardware options such a computers that will run
under more than one operating system. However, this
is not technically crossing a platform since it
is merely equivalent to having two independent computers
in one housing. Some, but not all, lessons authored
in DOS and Windows may run on a Mac or PowerPC computer,
but those that do may run painfully slow due to
being run in emulation rather than direct form.
Conversion software is available for converting
Mac HyperCard Stacks into Multimedia ToolBook Windows
books. Although this software works well for simple
books (e.g., books having no complex animations
and high-resolution graphics) that aren't in color,
it doesn't work well for complex books with greater
color depth, high resolution graphics, or complex
animations. The same problem arises in most conversion
software (e.g., that of Macromedia's Authorware
and Director). Even ToolBooks created in 24 bit
color PCs may not be suited for PC displays having
lower color depths. Mac computers attempt to dither
24 bit color images into acceptable images for lower
color-depth Mac computers, but PCs do not dither
these images automatically. As books become more
complex, a point is reached where authors must rewrite
books for Mac and Windows operating systems. The
Internet changed much of the worries about
cross-platform capability. Increasingly, authoring
software and other types of software are gearing
up for playback on the World Wide Web (WWW) such
as the Shockwave reader for Macromedia's Director
and Authorware and the Neuron reader for the Asymetrix
ToolBook products. (See also ActiveX Authoring, CORBA, Native, Operating system, PDA, and CGM)
Cryptolope= The combination of
"cryptographic" security encription with
"envelopes" of domain. Cryptolopes enable
publishers on the WWW to securely distribute content
with copyright protections and security over payments
for copyrighted material usage.
CWIS= Campus Wide
Information System bulletin board
services that can be accessed on the Internet. These
are available on most college campuses and provide
bulletin board information on campus calendars,
e-mail directories on the campus, employment opportunities,
campus events, course catalogs, etc.
CyberMall= A term commonly used to describe an electronic site shared by a number
of commercial interests.
Cyberspace= A term coined by William
Gibson in his fantasy novel "Neuromancer"
to refer to a near-future computer network where
users mentally travel through matrices of data.
The term is now used to describe the Internet and
the other computer networks.