B2B and B2C = (See E-Business).
Baan = Baan Company is a leading provider of enterprise business
software that enhances the processes common to
businesses of all sizes and industries. Baan
Company's commitment to continuously reducing complexity
creates flexible, easy-to-integrate products and
services that allow customers to adapt quickly to
a dynamic competitive environment. The web Baan
site is at http://www5.baan.com/cgi-bin/bvisapi.dll
. See database.
Back-end = the final stage in
a process or a task not apparent to the user. A
common usage is in a compiler. A compiler's back-end
generates machine language and performs optimizations
specific to the machine's architecture. The term
can also be used in the context of Open System Interconnect
(OSI) network applications. A standard for layering
of protocols (protocol stack) to implement it were
was developed in 1978 as a framework for international
standards in heterogeneous computer network architecture.
The architecture is split between seven layers (lowest
to highest):
1. physical
layer
2. data link layer
3. network layer
4. transport layer
5. session layer
6. presentation layer
7. application layer
Generally each layer
uses the layer immediately
below it and provides a service to the layer
above in a "back ended" way.
In the third generation
of network computing, web servers perform back-end
database computing where it's controlled and managed.
But third generation computing takes advantage of
the new interactive server/client interactive technology
like Sun's
Java andMicrosoft's
Microsoft's ActiveX/CORBA. Users on the
client side want to interact in various ways such
as perform sensitivity (what-if) type of analyses.
Bandwidth = Capacity (range) of transmission frequencies on a network as expressed in
cycles per second (hertz) or bits per second that
determines the amount of data, audio, and video
that can flow over the network. The
higher the frequency, the higher the bandwidth.
(See also Baseband,
Broadband,
Hertz,
bps,
and Information
highway)
Bar codes = Alternate standards for marking products or other items for reading by laser
beams. They are used extensively for locating items
on videodiscs and CDs. The LaserBarCode was the
original standard for CAV discs. This was extended
to LaserBarCode2 for CLV discs. The Bar Code CD
is an audio standard for CD discs. (See also Videodisc
and CD)
Baseband = A network cable that
has only one channel for carrying data signals.
Baud = A unit of speed in data
transmission, or the maximum speed at which data
can be sent down a channel. Baud is often equivalent
to bits per second. Named after J. M. E. Baudot
(died 1903). (See also bps)
BBS = Bulletin Board
Systems on the Internet that provide electronic
bulletin board and conferencing services. (See also
CWIS and Freenets)
BeVocal
= (See Speech Recognition).
BinHex = A file conversion format
that converts binary files to ASCII text files.
BIOS = (See VESA)
Bit = A contraction of binary
digit, a bit is the smallest unit of information
that a computer can hold. Eight bits is equivalent
to a byte. The speed at which bits are transmitted
or bit rate is usually expressed as bits per second
or bps.
BITNET = Because
It's Time NETwork is an early
network of academic and research professionals.
Most users have shifted to e-mail gateways. (See
also Internet
and Networks)
Blind = (See Disabilities.)
Blog = (See Weblog)
BMP = Bitmap graphics files
that are accessible through Windows Paintbrush and
most other PC graphics software. (See also Compression,
CGM,
and JPEG)
Board = A hardware component
that fits into the expansion slot of a computer
unit and expands the capabilities of the computer.
A board can enable the computer to communicate with
an external hardware device, such as a CD-ROM. Alternate
terms are card, expansion card, interface card,
interface board. (See also SCSI, Sound board,
Video
board, and PCMCIA)
Bookmark = A user-defined place
mark that enables the user to return to a particular
screen or starting point after accessing related
information. Bookmarks may also be used to locate
sections on related topics.
bps = bits per second. This is a measure
of transfer speed that is commonly used in modems.
(See also Bandwidth
and Baud)
Branch = Any one of the paths
an application can take after it evaluates a specific
condition.
Bot = a roBot that
usually is a software program that can be good (administering
or policing on the network) or bad (causing evil)
on the network. Bots commonly are used in real audio
chat lines. A WebBot are "smart objects"
that can be inserted into web pages to perform tasks
that otherwise would require CGI scripting or some
other dynamic action programming. WebBots can help
set up dynamic chat lines, time image appearances,
register and confirm actions, reference annotations,
perform calculations, etc. Some HTML editors can
be used to create WebBots. Microsoft FrontPage,
for example, can be used for:
- WebBot Confirmation Field component
- WebBot Include component
- WebBot Scheduled Image component
- WebBot Scheduled Include component
- WebBot Search component
- WebBot Substitution component
- WebBot Table of Contents component
- WebBot Timestamp component
One example of a WebBot
is the people search engine at http://www.nerdworld.com/
botnets and phishing
on your computer at this very moment: Forwarded
by Jagdish Gangolly
Know your Enemy: Tracking Botnets: Using honeynets to learn more about
Bots --- http://www.honeynet.org/papers/bots/
The Honeynet Project & Research Alliance http://www.honeynet.org
Last Modified: 13 March 2005
Honeypots
are a well known technique for discovering the tools,
tactics, and motives of attackers. In this paper
we look at a special kind of threat: the individuals
and organizations who run
botnets. A botnet is a network of compromised machines
that can be remotely controlled by an attacker.
Due to their immense size (tens of thousands of
systems can be linked together), they pose a severe
threat to the community. With the help of honeynets
we can observe the people who run botnets - a task
that is difficult using other techniques. Due to
the wealth of data logged, it is possible to reconstruct
the actions of attackers, the tools they use, and
study them in detail. In this paper we take a closer
look at botnets, common attack techniques, and the
individuals involved.
Bridge = A device that connects
different LANs so a node on one LAN can communicate
with a node on another LAN.
Broadband = Network transmission capacity that greatly exceeds capacity required for voice
transmission over traditional telephone cables.
Broadband networks may have dedicated portions for
audio, video, and data or they may allow for capacity
switching. (See also Bandwidth,
Information
highway, Switched
network, Networks,
and ATM)
Broadcasting = (See webcasting.)
Browser = A type of software that
allows you to navigate information databases; examples
are Netscape Navigator and NCSA Mosaic.
Browsers = (See Web
browsers)
BSP = (See ASP)
Buffer underrun = A common error where
the data stream being fed from the CD-R's cache
buffer falls behind the laser doing the writing.
(See also CD-R)
Bulletin Boards = (See e-mail
)
Bus = The
internal pathways (data bus, address bus, and control
bus) of wires connecting various parts of a computer.
Common standards for buses were Industry Standard
Architecture (ISA) 16-bit bus common in AT-compatible
PCs, Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) 32-bit buses
in IBM PS/2 computers, and Enhanced Industry Standard Architecture (EISA)
32-bit buses that are backward compatible with ISA
adapters. An "expansion bus" is an extension
of the data bus and address bus that includes slots
for adapter boards. It is better than ISA and EISA
for hypermedia authoring to also purchase a "local
bus" system in 32-bit or higher capacity with
eight or more expansion slots for multimedia options.
A local bus connects the CPU with peripherals directly
so as to improve performance speed. However, in
recent years, the VL local buses are not as good
as the Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) brainchild
of Intel. The term "bus" can also apply
to standards for connecting electronic components
other than computer components. The term CDBus or
consumer electronics bus refers to a home or office
automation standard such that components connected
through power lines, coaxial cable, infrared connections,
and telephone lines will be mutually compatible.
(See also VL-Bus
and Cache)
The Universal Serial
Bus (USB) is the common bus used on PCs. It
is a relatively slow hardware bus an
is a small fraction of the speed of FireWire.
The term "FireWire" is the early name
given to High Performance Serial Bus.A serial bus
developed by Apple Computer and Texas Instruments
(IEEE 1394).The High Performance Serial Bus can
connect up to 63 devices in a tree-like daisy chain
configuration, and transmit data at up to 400 megabits
per second.It supports plug and play and peer-to-peer
communication between peripheral devices.Wintel
(Intel and Microsoft) were spooked by the speed
of FireWire and developed new PCs called Easy PCs
that use only USB and FireWire in machines that
will no longer have the familiar parallel and serial
ports.
Bus topology = A physical layout of
a LAN where all nodes are connected to a single
cable.
Byte = The number of bits used
to represent a character.
Bytes = Grouping of eight bits.
While a bit can assume only two states, 0 and 1, a byte can store from 0 up to 255 different states.
Most of the time a character is stored in a byte.
Therefore, a byte can store up to 255 different
characters. The standard ASCII character set consists
of 128 characters; the additional characters
generally used in PC software brings the
total number of characters up to 255.