(Appendices)
(examples of coding and translation, fragments of coordinated
dictionary entries)
App. 1. The phrases containing the polysemantic words.
App. 2. The phrases containing the polysemantic set
expressions and the set expressions characterized
by the structural formula with variable lexical components.
App. 3. The coding and translation with using the differentiated
(morphological) meanings of the verbal forms.
App. 4. The coding and translation with using the differentiated
(morphological) meanings of pronouns.
Fragments of the coordinated
dictionary entries contain a following designation
symbols:
c.e.d.
– the coordinated explanatory dictionary of
source language;
c.b.d.
- the coordinated bilingual dictionary of source
language – target language;
ill.e.
- the illustrative examples reflecting the different
use of the words at those or other semantic meanings;
c.w.
- contextual word; c.w.* - the
concrete contextual word which the author should mark
in the source text (in cases concerning the identification
of syntactic links);
morphm
- the
sections of differentiated (morphological) meanings;
(syntaxm)
- the
sections of differentiated (syntactic) meanings.
The
some examples contain both
the machine translations based on universal semantic coding
(are designated by symbol ♦)
and, for comparison, the usual machine translations (are
designated by symbol ♦♦).
For
brevity, the variants of semantic meanings are separated from each other by a symbol
/.
App.1. The phrases containing the polysemantic words.
Examples
with the Russian’s source texts (the fragments of dictionary entries from native c.e.d. [5] and from the c.b.d.(s)
[8,10,13]).
1. The source text:
Его вид оставлял желать много лучшего.
| Russian c.e.d.
вид
I 1 пейзаж, перспектива 2 наружность
|
Russian
– English c.b.d.
вид I 1 пейзаж … view 2 наружн…
appearance, look
3 состояние … state,
condition 4 поле зрения sight 5 наме…
prospect(s)
|
| он, его, ему, им, о нём, … указывает на лицо, не являющ. ни говорящим,
ни собеседн., или на неодуш. предм. речи [5]
(morphm) (а) ~ указывает на лицо (b) ~ указывает на предм.
речи (о вещи, явлении и т.п.) |
(b)
~ it |
|
оставлять … <> оставляет желать лучшего |
оставлять … <> оставл… leaves much to be desired |
In a context the matter concerns the appearance of person; the author marks:
-
in entry of word вид I – the meaning 2 concerning appearance,
-
in entry of pronoun он, его, ему … - the meaning (morphm) (а) concerning person,
-
at last, in entry of verb оставлять – the set expression оставляет желать лучшего.
As a result, the following coded text and
its machine translation is received:
| Его{он, его, … (morphm) (а)}
вид{вид I… 2. наружность} <оставлял{оставлять … <>
оставляет желать лучшего} желать много
лучшего>.
(the translation into English):
♦ His appearance has left much to be desired.
♦♦
His
(its) kind(?)
has left to wish much the best. |
For comparison: the usual program of MT
does not give the definite translation of a pronoun его,
and also uses the meaning of a homonym вид II which is not concerning appearance.
2. The source texts: Суд оправдал его.
Их ожидания успешного старта не оправдались.
| Russian
c.e.d.
оправд|ывать, -ать (вн.) 1. доказывать чью-л. правоту
2. о подсудимом |
Russian
– English c.b.d.
оправд|ывать, -ать (вн.) 1. доказывать чью-л. правоту justify 2. о подсудимом acquit, judge not guilty |
| оправд|ываться, -аться 1. доказать свою невиновность …
2. оказываться правильным, пригодным, подтверждаться,
сбываться; теория ~ алась; эти надежды
не ~ ались |
оправд|ываться, -аться 1. доказать … justify oneself…
2. оказываться … prove to be correct, come true; теория …
the theory proved to be correct; эти надежды … these hopes were not realized. |
The author marks:
-
in entry of verb оправд|ывать
- the
meaning 2
concerning accused,
-
in entry of pronoun он - the meaning (morphm)
(а)
concerning person,
-
at last, in entry of verb оправд|ываться - the meaning 2 concerning reality and ill.e. … эти надежды не ~ ались.
As a result, the following coded sentences
are received:
| Суд оправдал{оправд|ывать … (вн.) 2. о подсудимом}
его{он,
его, ему… (morphm) (а) ~ указывает на лицо}.
Их ожидания не оправдались{оправд|ываться
… 2.
… эти надежды не ~ ались}.
(the translation into English):
♦ The court has acquitted him. Their
expectations of successful start were not realized.
♦♦
The
court has justified it (him)(?). Their expectations
of successful start were not justified(?). |
For comparison:
- the usual program of MT uses while translating the second sentence the
other meaning of word оправд|ывать not corresponding to the sense of context;
- as well as in the previous example, the
usual program of MT does not give the definite translation
of a pronoun он, его ...
Examples
with the English’s source texts (the fragments of dictionary entries from native c.e.d.(s) [6,7] and from the c.b.d.(s) [8,13,15]).
1. The source text:
The new device merits notice. Their projects were
realized.
|
English c.e.d.
notice n 1 intimation …
4 attention
5 critique |
English
– Russian c.b.d.
notice n 1 intimation извещ.,
уведомл.; предупреждение … 4 attention внимание 5
critique критич. отзыв |
| realize v 1 be aware of; grasp mentally; to ~ fully 2 convert into
fact … |
realize v 1 be aware of
осозн|авать, -ать; понимать ясно, во всех деталях; grasp mentally сообра|жать, -зить; to ~ fully хорошо
пред-ставлять себе 2 convert into fact осуществ|лять, -ить … |
The author
marks depending on context the different meanings of word
notice and the one of meanings of word realize:
| The
new device merits notice{notice n... 4 attention / 5 critique}. Their projects were realized{realize v... 2 convert…}.
(the translation into Russian):
♦
Новое устройство заслуживает внимания / критического отзыва. Их проекты были осуществлены.
♦♦ Новое устройство заслуживает извещения (уведомления, предупреждения)(?). Их проекты были поняты(?). |
For comparison: the usual program of MT chooses only the first meaning, without taking
into account a sense of a context.
2. The source text: This article places primary emphasis
upon physical conditions.
| English c.e.d.
article n 1 particular
or separate thing … 2 piece of writing:
This article discusses… |
English
– Russian c.b.d.
article n 1 вещь, предмет 2 piece
of … статья: This article… В этой статье обсуждается… |
| condition n state;
…pl., circumstances |
cond… n
state состояние; … pl., circumst…
условия |
| place v stand;
lay; identify; ~ emphasis on to make the
special meaning … |
place v stand ставить, по-; lay класть; identify определ|ять, -ить; ~ emphasis
on придавать знач. |
|
primary adj 1 original 2
fundamental, basic |
prim… adj
1 original исходный 2
fundam… основной |
The author marks:
- ill.e. characterizing the using of word article
with the meaning 2,
- the word-combination place emphasis on,
- the likely
meanings of words primary, condition (the word primary is wedged in the
word-combination place emphasis on and doesn’t
influence the allegorical meaning of a word-combination,
but does impossible a machine search):
| This article{article n … 2
piece of writing …:This article discusses…}
<places{place v … ~ emphasis on} primary{primary adj 2 fundamental, basic}
emphasis upon>
physical conditions{condition n pl., circumstances}.
(the translation into Russian):
♦ В этой статье основное значение
придаётся физическим условиям.
♦♦ Эта статья (изделие(?)) помещает
(размещает)
первичный акцент(?) в
физические условия (состояния). |
As we see, the usual
program of MT executed the word-by-word translation.
3. The source text: The detection of trace components has
always been a challenge to the analytical
chemist.
| English c.e.d.
challenge n. to a race etc.; sentry’s; … difficult, demanding or
stimulating task
|
English
– Russian c.b.d.
challenge n. to a race etc. вызов; sentry’s оклик; …difficult, demanding … сложная
задача, проблема
|
The author
marks depending on context the one of meanings of word
challenge:
| The detection of trace components has always been
a challenge{challenge
n. difficult …} to the analytical chemist.
(the translation into Russian):
♦ Обнаружение следов
компонентов всегда было сложной
задачей (проблемой) для аналитического
химика.
♦♦ Обнаружение следов компонентов всегда
было вызовом(?) аналитическому химику. |
Examples
with the Deutsch’s source text
The source text: Auf die Frage sei hier nicht eingegangen.
| Deutsch c.e.d. [9,9*]
eingehen (Briefe,
Gelder);
auf j-n e. sich (intensiv) mit j-m etw. befassen
(auf Details) <auf j-s Fragen, j-s Probleme>;
auf j-n nicht e.: auf ein Thema
nicht näher e.; auf Einzelheiten nicht
e.; auf etw. e. etw. akzeptieren
(morphm)(imperf-v);(perf-v) |
Deutsch-Russisch
c.b.d. [14]
eingehen (Briefe,
Gelder) поступ|ать,-ить (о почте); auf j-n e. детально оста|навл.,-новиться, проя|влять,-вить вним.; auf j-n nicht e. оставл. что-л. без вним.: auf ein Thema nicht näher e. не остан. детально на этой теме; auf Einzelheiten nicht e. не вдав. в подробн.; auf etw. e. соглаш. с
ч.-л.
(morphm) (несоверш); (соверш) |
Having compared the
source text with the dictionary entry in the Deutsch’s
c.e.d., the author has marked the structural formula
of word-combination auf j-n
nicht e. and has marked the appropriate ill.e. of this word-combination; in other case, the
author has marked the structural formula of word-combination
auf etw. e.; also author has marked the meaning
(imperf-v) in the
section (morphm):
| <Auf die Frage sei hier nicht eingegangen{einge... ~ auf j-n nicht e.: auf ein
Thema nicht näher e. / auf etw. e.; (morphm)(imperf-v)}>
(the
translations into Russian):
♦ Не стоило здесь детально останавливаться
на этом вопросе /… признавать, соглашаться с этим вопросом
♦♦ На вопрос здесь не поступил бы (На вопрос явился бы
здесь не шедшим). |
As we see, the usual program of MT executed
the word-by-word translation.
Examples with the Hebrew’s source texts (the fragments of dictionary
entries from native c.e.d. [11**] and from the c.b.d.(s) [11,
11***])
| Hebrew c.e.d. [11**]
מִבטֶא ז' 1 הגייה, אופי
ההגייה של
דובר לפי
לשון אִמו
וכד'
2 ביטוי, צירוף
מילים, מימרה,
ניב |
Hebrew-Russian c.b.d. [11]
1 выговор,מִבטֶא ז' произнош., акцент
2 выражение, идиома |
Hebrew-English c.b.d. [11***]
1 utterance, מִבטֶא ז' pronunciation
2 idiom expression, |
| מִבטָח ז' 1 מַהסֶה,
מקום בטוח
2 בִטָחוֹן
|
1 опора, מִבטָח ז' убежище
2 безопасность |
1
fortress, מִבטָח ז' confidence, reliance, trust, faith
2 security |
|
מִבנֶה ז' 1 בנין, מקום
בנוי
2 צורה שבה
דבר בנוי
או מורכב
3 תבנית |
1
сооруж.,
מִבנֶה ז'
здание,
стройка
2 конструкция, структура, дизайн
3 формат, строение |
1
building מִבנֶה ז'
build,
construction, 2 structure, frame, design
3 format, formation |
The
author marks in the native c.e.d. those or other meanings
of words depending on a context.
For
brevity, the different phrases are separated from each other by a symbol //.
1. The source phrases containing the noun מִבטֶא:
| עתיק.
המשפט
הזה הוא מִבטֶא מִבטֶא
של האיש הזה …//
← |
| (the translations into Russian and English using the
marked meanings of the polysemantic noun מִבטֶא)
♦ (1)Произношение
(выговор)
этого человека … // Эта фраза - древнее
(2)выражение (идиома).
♦ (1)Pronunciation of this man … // This phrase is an
ancient (2)utterance )expression, idiom). |
2. The source phrases containing the noun מִבטָח:
| הוא סמך על
מִבטֶח ...//
אנחנו סומכים
על מִבטָח
… ← |
| (the translations into Russian and English using the
marked meanings of the polysemantic noun מִבטָח)
♦ Он рассчитывал на (1)убежище (опору) … // Мы рассчитываем
на (2)безопасность
…
♦ He counted on (1)fortress (confidence, reliance, trust,
faith)
… // We count on (2)security … |
3. The source
phrase containing the noun
מִבנֶה:
| המִבנֶה
הזה מתאים ל ... ← |
| (the translations into Russian and English
using the marked meanings of the polysemantic noun מִבנֶה)
♦ Это (1)сооружение
(здание, эта стройка) соответствует …
// (2)Конструкция (структура, дизайн) соотв...
♦ This (1)building corresponds to … // The (2)build (construction, structure, frame, design)
corresp... |
App. 2. Examples of coding and translation
of the phrases containing the polysemantic set expressions
and the set expressions characterized by the structural
formula with variable lexical components.
It
may, the given word, together with its some neighbouring
words, represents a set expression. In order to translate
such word-combination it is necessary to search the known
word-combinations related to the given word. It is also
possible that there is the structure with variable
lexical components, which, although do not influence the
allegorical meaning of a set expression, but complicate
or do impossible a machine search. For example:
-
some attributes or adverbial modifiers may have been wedged
into the set expression, giving it a more specific meaning
as a whole,
-
or parenthetical words may have been added,
-
variable components may have been added at the beginning
or at the end of the set expression,
-
those either other own words or their sequence have been
changed, etc. [4]
In
this connection, it is necessary to define which words
belong to the set expression, to find the borders inside
the phrase, to define the key word and, at last, to choose
the meaning corresponding to the context. The author should
also mark in the source text by special (bold) font the
given word and other words which are a part of the word-combination
(except for the wedged words), and, besides, author should
designate by means of special boundary symbols the left
and right bounds of the word-combination in the given
sentence (for example, by angular brackets).
The
polysemantic set expressions and them explanations are borrowed from [4].
1. The source phrases: This construction can give way.
My brother has heard this news and began to give way.
If it is in reality a heart attack, his good mood can
give way.
| English c.e.d.
way n … give ~ fail
to resist; collapse; make concessions: The bridge
gave ~ under the weight of the lorry; His
health gave ~; The bashfulness of the guests
soon gave ~ ; Something gave ~ in
him, and words came welling up |
English-Russian c.b.d.
way n … give ~ fail to
resist поддаваться; collapse рухнуть; make concessions уступать: The bridge … Мост рухнул под весом грузовика; His health … Его здоровье
надломилось; The bashfulness … Застенчивость гостей быстро рассеялась; Something gave …Что-то прорвалось в нём, и слова посыпались
одно за другим |
The author has marked in the native English
c.e.d. the set expression give
way and has marked
the following elements of dictionary entry:
- in the first sentence the matter concerns a state of
construction, therefore author has marked the ill.e.
The bridge
gave ~ under the weight of the lorry;
- in the second - a state of spirit of the person, therefore author has marked the meaning … give ~ make concessions;
- at last, in the third - a state of health of the person, therefore author has marked the ill.e.
His health gave ~
As a result, the following coded text and its machine
translation is received:
| This construction can <give way{way n... give ~: The
bridge gave ~ under the weight of the lorry}>.
My brother has heard this
news and began to <give way{way n... give ~ make
concessions}> .
If it is in reality a heart
attack, his good mood can <give
way{way
n... give ~: His health gave
~ }>.
(translations into Russian):
♦ Эта конструкция может рухнуть. Мой брат услышал эту новость и начал
уступать. Если это действительно инфаркт,
то его хорошее расположение духа может надломиться.
♦♦ Эта конструкция может уступить
дорогу(?). Мой брат услышал эту новость и начал
уступать дорогу. Если это действительно инфаркт,
то его хорошее настроение может уступить дорогу(?). |
From comparison follows, that the usual program of MT has executed the
word-by-word translation of the all sentences.
2.
The source text: I
was compelled to dress on the run.
He has caught a bus already on the run.
| English c.e.d.
run n 1 action of ~ning; … on
the ~ (a) fleeing from pursuit
or capture; (b) continuously active and moving
about …: She has been on the ~ all morning;
She grabbed her coat on the ~ and raced
after them; They scrambled down the embankment and
caught a streetcar on the ~ |
English-Russian c.b.d.
run
n 1 action of ~ning бег…; on the ~ (a) fleeing
… в бегстве; (b) continuously … в движ., в беготне, в суете, на бегу, в спешке, на ходу: She has been… Она была в бегах всё утро; She grabbed … Она схватила
на бегу пальто и бросилась за ними вдогонку;
They scrambled …Они
сбежали с насыпи и на ходу вскочили в трамвай |
The author has marked the set expression
on the run and has marked the following elements of dictionary entry:
- in the first sentence the matter concerns a movement
of the person, therefore author
has marked the ill.e.
… on the ~ (b): She
grabbed …;
- in the second - a movement of a vehicle, therefore author has marked
the ill.e. … on
the ~ (b): They… caught a streetcar…
As a result, the following coded text and its machine
translation is received:
| I was compelled to dress <on the run{run n... on the ~ (b):
She grabbed her coat on the ~ and raced …}>.
He has caught a bus already
<on the run{run n ... on the ~
(b): They scrambled down … and caught
a streetcar on the ~}>.
(translations into Russian):
♦ Я был вынужден одеваться на
бегу. Он вскочил в автобус уже на ходу.
♦♦ Я был вынужден одеваться на пробеге.
Он вскочил в автобус уже на пробеге(?). |
As we
see, the
result is similar to the previous example.
The following three examples concern the set expressions
characterized by the structural formula with variable
lexical components.
3.
The source text: … sometimes I am inclined to think
it was a great deal of cry for very little wool.
| English c.e.d.
cry n … much ~ and little wool trouble; fuss;
unnecessary activity … |
English-Russian c.b.d.
cry n… much ~ and … много шума из ничего; шума много,
а толку мало… |
The author has
found in the dictionary entry cry
n the idiom much
cry and little wool; there are the deep differences
between idiom and the source phrase both in lexical components
and in word order (there are the wedging of other words).
Then, the author has marked
in the source phrase the words coincident
with this idiom on sense:
| … sometimes I am inclined
to think it was <a great deal of cry{cry n … much cry and little
wool} for
very little wool>.
(translations into Russian):
♦ … иногда я склонен думать,
что было много шума из ничего или было
шума много, а толку мало.
♦♦ …иногда, я склонен думать, что был
большой крик об очень небольшом количестве шерсти(?). |
From
comparison follows, that the usual program of MT hasn’t
defined, that the some words in the given phrase belong
to this word-combination, and has only executed word-by-word
translation.
4. The source text: They reached it at what
seemed long last.
| English c.e.d.
reach v 1 attain,
fetch with outstretched hand 2 arrive at
…
last n … at (long) ~ in the end |
English-Russian c.b.d.
reach v 1 attain,
fetch with … дотя|гиваться, - нуться 2 arrive at достиг|ать, |
