2. One-letter words: i (and), z (with, from), w (in, at), o (about, at), a (and, while),
u (in, at).
3. Capitalisation: Upper case for polite forms of address is used for pronouns in the
second person singular and plural: Ty (sing.
informal), Wy (pl. informal), Pan/Pani (sing.
formal), Państwo (pl. formal). These forms
are all nominative case, in other cases the
endings change and occasionally the root changes
(e.g. from Ty to Ciebie). Lower case can also
be used for these forms depending on the context.
Capitalisation rules are similar to English for proper names and
at the beginning of sentences, but are different
for:
- Headings/titles, where only the first letter of the first word
is capitalised, although there are exceptions
to this rule (names of magazines, newspapers,
publication series). There is also an option
to have all the letters in a title capitalized,
e.g. YELLOW PAGES.
- Bullet points, which can start with either upper or lower case.
Lower case is more likely if the points complete
the sentence, but on the whole it seems that
more often bullet points start with upper case.
- Days of the week/months/languages/academic titles (e.g. dr, mgr
= Master of Arts), which all begin with lower
case.
- Polite forms of address for second person singular and plural,
which begin with upper case.
4. Plural: Nouns following the digits 2, 3 and 4 take the nominative ending,
whereas all other numbers, including all those
between 10 and 20, require the noun to be in
the genitive.
Section Two - Punctuation
1. Full stops: No full stop after the main title on the title page. No full stop
after the title/heading that is all in upper
or lower case (can be used where only the first
letter is upper case).
2. Bullet points: Either no punctuation marks at the end of any points (but the last
one can be followed by a full stop), or a comma
or a semi-colon at the end of each point with
the last one being followed by a full stop.
Bullet points may all end with a full stop if
they are all full grammatical sentences.
3. Spacing: No spacing between the last letter and punctuation marks, i.e. end?,
end!, end:, end... etc.
4. Dashes: No dash after a colon as there is in English sometimes, i.e. 'end:'
is fine, but not ' end:-'.
5. Speech marks:
English: "I'm so tired," he said, "I just want to
go home". In most Polish novels, dashes are used instead of speech marks:
- Jestem tak zmęczony - powiedział - że chcę
tylko iść do domu.
There are also two other options:
"Jestem tak zmęczony - powiedział - że chcę tylko
iść do domu".
"Jestem tak zmęczony", powiedział, "że
chcę tylko iść do domu".
Please note that the first quotation mark is placed low.
Section Three - Measurements and Abbreviations
1. Measurements: Only metric measurements are used.
Time: 24 hour clock, so 10 am is 10.00 and 3 pm is 15.00. The abbreviation
godz. (time, hour, o'clock) is sometimes used
before the numbers, e.g. godz. 15.00.
Date: usually written 25.8.99 or 25/08/99 or 25.08.1999. The usual
order is day.month.year, but in computer printouts
the reversed order and hyphens are occasionally
used: year-month-day. The abbreviation r. (year)
can optionally be used after the numbers, e.g.
25.8.99 r.
The decimal comma is used (3,7%) and numbers over 999 can be separated
by a space (16 000) or a dot (16.000). Though
it is also acceptable to use no thousand separator.
No space in 34°C or 34%, but spaces are left before all other measurements,
i.e. 25 cm; 48 g, etc.
Currency: i.e. 20 zł or 20 PLN. The abbreviation PLZ is the
symbol of the old Polish currency and is no longer valid.
Thousands: tys = 1000, therefore 2 tys = 2000.
2. Abbreviations:
Equivalent abbreviations:
MB =MB
KB = kB
N/a = - [dash, best used in tables] or nie dot.
No. = Nr (if not the first word in the sentence or line, nr should
be all lower case)
e.g. = np.
Q&A = Pytania i odpowiedzi [no abbreviation]
WxLxHxD = szer. x dł. x wys. x głęb.
Dear Sir / Madam = Szanowny Panie (when writing to a man) / Szanowna
Pani (when writing to a woman) / Szanowni Państwo
(general, when you don't know the sex of the
addressee)
m (for metre) = m
cm (for centimetre) = cm
g (for gram) = g
km (for kilometre) = km
yr (for year) = r.
EMEA (Europe, Middle-East & Asia) = Europa, Bliski Wschód
i Azja
Days of the week: Mon, Tues, Wed, Thurs, Fri, Sat, Sun = Pn, Wt,
Śr, Cz, Pt, So, Nd
Other abbreviations:
There are strict rules in Polish governing the use of full stops
in abbreviations, e.g. dr (= doctor) never has
a full stop unless it refers to a male and is
not in the nominative.
r. = year
godz. = time, hour, o'clock
br. = this year
ww. = aforementioned, mentioned above, relevant (often used in legal
texts)
tj. = i.e.
zob. = see
m.in. = including, among others
ds = sometimes used in business titles, e.g. Marketing Director
= Dyrektor
ds. Marketingu
Section Four - Hyphenation
Hyphens are used occasionally, e.g. to combine double surnames,
two colours (e.g. czarno-biały = black
and white), two languages/nations (e.g. polskoangielski
= Polish-English).
As a general rule, hyphens are used after vowels, e.g. ala-basater,
dru-karka.
If there are two or more consonants, the hyphen should come after
the first one, e.g. przed-stawić, roz-winąć.
Exceptions are when the sound is ch, cz, sz,
dż, dz, dź, rz, as they consistute
single sounds. The rz sound may be split in
some rare cases, where it stands for two separate
sounds. Although there are two consonants they
represent a single sound, therefore they cannot
be divorced!
If there are no consonant clusters, hyphenate after a vowel, e.g.
za-wo-dowy.
Section Five - Miscellaneous Peculiarities
The usual form for writing names is name followed by surname, or
sometimes two or three names followed by a surname.
In some rare cases the surname is written in
front of the name to underline formal tone,
but it is becoming rare and old fashioned.
rz, sz, cz, ch, dż, dz, dź represent one sound and should
not be hyphenated.
Polite form - you, to you = Ci, Tobie, Ciebie, Was - should be in
capital letters.
Proper nouns (e.g. PostScript) can sometimes start with a lower
case letter, depending on the grammatical context.
Section Six - Geographic Distribution
Polish is the only official language, used in all contexts and all
regions in Poland.
Polish is spoken by almost all of the 35 million inhabitants of
Poland, by about 700,000 people in the United
States, and by smaller groups in Lithuania,
Ukraine, Canada, Brazil and other countries.
It is one of the Slavic languages and thus part
of the Indo-European family. Polish vocabulary
naturally resembles that of the other Slavic
languages.
Polish is spoken/used in the following countries:
Brazil, Canada, Israel, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Ukraine, United
States of America.
Language Family
Family: Indo-European
Subgroup: Slavic
Branch: Western
Source: http://www.worldlanguage.com/Languages/Polish
- Copyright © Kenneth Katzner, The Languages
of the World, Published by Routledge.
Section Seven – Character Set
