Amikai was founded by three Stanford University
graduates in 1999 in San Francisco and opened its
Tokyo office in 2000. The word "Amikai" comes from
the Latin 'amicus' (friend) and the Japanese word
'sekai' for 'world'. The company develops Machine
Translation (MT) applications to facilitate Web-based
multilingual communication. The Japan Industrial
Journal in April 16, 2001 described the company
as possessing the three fundamentals for a successful
Internet business: human capital, technical know-how
and financial backing.
What specifically
brought Amikai to the attention of LISA's Asia-Pacific
Editor, Minako O'Hagan, was the fact that a number
of separate Japanese online translation sites return
exactly the same results. This eventually led to
the discovery that these sites were indeed all powered
by Amikai. As of February 2003, Amikai has been
implemented as the default translation engine by
Excite Japan, @nifty.global gate, Cafeglobe, Infoseek
(Japan) and Lycos (Japan). This is a significant
achievement, given that the market had previously
been dominated by MT systems developed by Japanese
companies.
LISA caught
up with Amikai's Director of Computational Linguistics,
Dr Raymond Flournoy, to learn about the company's
approach to MT-based language solutions for communicating
on the Internet, from both the business and technical
perspectives.
Minako O'Hagan:
To kick off this interview, could you give us some
figures on how many hits Amikai translation engines
are typically receiving in a day (if possible, according
to different language pairs)? And, do you have a
mechanism to incorporate user feedback on translation
quality to improve your system?
Raymond Flournoy:
Amikai serves well over a million translation requests
per day across 29 uni-directional language pairs
(14 bi-directional pairs plus one uni-directional
pair), with the majority of traffic consisting of
translation between Japanese and English. Currently,
the Amikai translation system does not include any
automatic methods for incorporating user feedback.
However, we actively solicit user comments and conduct
client surveys in order to improve our translation
products through regular product updates.
Do any of the translation sites
that use Amikai MT systems charge for the translation?
Do you have usage statistics for such services (in
comparison with free usage)? How are these services
received by users?
In addition to the Amikai-powered
translation services that are provided for free
on a number of portal and ISP Web pages, Amikai
provides a for-pay translation service, primarily
for business clients, called Amikai Enterprise.
We do not currently have usage statistics that we
can release. However, the pay service reaches a
significantly different audience than the free service.
The portal and ISP translation services include
translated browsers, translated chat and simple
text translations. Amikai Enterprise is integrated
with common desktop applications such as Microsoft
Office and Outlook, and the translations are optimized
for language as used in a business setting.
Amikai is a language solutions company that produces
MT applications designed for the Internet (Web) and
your revenue comes from the support and maintenance
provided with Amikai systems. But, you are different
from MT developers proper since you utilize third-party
MT systems. Do you envisage Amikai continuing on this
basis or will it, at some stage, implement its own
research and development function to create an entirely
new MT system?
Amikai's products incorporate a
mixture of in-house, as well as licensed, technologies.
While the core translation engines are currently
licensed from other companies, Amikai continues
to develop its own technologies. Our current emphasis,
and the area where we feel we can make the most
significant contribution, is to increase the usability
and quality of currently available translation products.
We do this by improving translation quality for
specific translation applications, by innovating
interfaces and links to other software, and by improving
the stability of translation software.
Amikai has been able to attract some of the major
Japanese Web sites to power their translation utilities
and, therefore, has gained a reputation as an MT system
which adds practical value. Could you share with us
some of your customer feedback on the reason(s) why
they chose Amikai? Also, from the language engineering
point of view, what are the superior features of Amikai
systems?
Amikai has become a leader in the
field of on-line machine translation because we
provide high-quality translations that are geared
to specific communication usages. For example, our
translated chat rooms are optimized for chat-specific
language, while our translated Web browsers consult
special dictionaries to improve coverage of the
language common to Web pages.
In addition, we have built a server
farm that guarantees stable access to fast translations,
regardless of which of the 29 language pair-directions
one is translating. Finally, Amikai also places
a special emphasis on the user experience, and we
feel this pays off in a more useful and enjoyable
product. This conclusion has been supported by the
feedback from clients and end-users who repeatedly
tell us that we have a higher-quality translation
product than most other services they have tested.
Amikai offers a range of products that includes
AmiWeb, AmiText and AmiChat to cater to different
needs that come from different modes of communication.
How do you design MT systems to be optimized for a
given mode? Also, are there any differences in the
design for different language pairs, e.g., AmiWeb
for English/Japanese vs. AmiWeb for English/Spanish?
When Amikai designs an application,
a number of factors are taken into consideration.
First, we consider how the tool is used –
whether the translated inputs are short or long,
the time-sensitivity of the translation requests
and the appropriateness of MT quality. Next, we
study the basic composition of the language to be
translated – the prototypical vocabulary,
commonly repeated phrases and recurrent sentence
structures. At this stage, the analysis is language-specific,
and separate processing and lexicography must be
performed for each source language.
Amikai is described as a "best of breed" MT provider.
What does this mean?
It means that for each language
pair that we support we provide access to the (single)
best translation engine available on the market.
We run tests on available engines to determine the
best overall for our purposes, and then license
that technology.
As I understand it, Amikai has worked on an MT
system architecture based on a dynamic selection of
the best output from existing commercially available
MT systems, using a statistical language modelling
technique. This sounds like an intriguing design approach.
Can you explain how it works? Is this technique used
currently for Amikai systems?
The idea of dynamically choosing
among a variety of translation engines is just one
innovation that Amikai has experimented with in
our quest to improve translation quality. The program
simultaneously sends the same translation request
to a number of engines, and then matches each result
against a statistical language model to see which
result best fits language patterns the program has
"seen" in the past. While this feature is not part
of our current commercial offerings, it is an example
of the innovation that we bring to the field of
MT.
Recently, statistical and corpus-based techniques
seem to have become fashionable in MT design and with
tools such as translation memory systems. Is the dynamic
selection approach inspired by these trends? Where
did this design idea come from?
This approach was inspired by the
work of Kevin Knight, a professor at the University
of Southern California. Professor Knight has used
language models as a component of his statistical
MT algorithms, and Amikai has adapted this part
of his approach to the task of evaluating MT engine
outputs. Statistical language modelling is a very
flexible and promising tool, and we are excited
about this possible application.
In many ways, MT was revitalized by the emergence
of the Internet to satisfy the latter's need to allow
communication in any language in real-time cheaply,
but not necessarily with precise accuracy. How do
you see the role of human translators, as opposed
to machine translation, in this environment?
Amikai believes strongly that MT
is not a replacement for Human Translation (HT),
but rather, MT is appropriate and useful in situations
where constraints such as time and cost make HT
unfeasible. Those situations include communication
where the turnaround time must be nearly instantaneous
(such as chat), where the amount of text is prohibitively
large (such as large datastores), and where the
text is continuously updated (such as the Web).
The localization industry strives to perform high-quality
localization within specific budgets and timeframes
imposed by clients. To this end, the industry is leveraging
technology, but combining it with human talent. By
comparison, WebMT provides a just-in-time automatic
localization solution for those Web sites that are
not provided in the end-user's locale. How do you
see this juxtaposition of carefully localized Web
sites by human sweat (!) assisted by computer, versus
those that are not localized, and rely on an ad hoc
MT solution by the user of a given Web site?
Amikai feels that MT and HT are
highly complementary. HT provides the highest quality
of translation for sites which are very brand-sensitive
or which require high accuracy (such as legal information).
MT allows users to access sites that have not been
translated by humans and, which otherwise, would
remain inaccessible due to the language barrier.
Amikai is mostly known for facilitating B2C (business-to-commerce)
interactions via Web sites, but it is also reported
to be moving into the B2B (business-to-business) space.
What is the B2B scenario with MT, i.e., Amikai products?
Although most of our translations
have been performed through Web portals or ISP's,
we do not consider those to be B2C sales. The application
user is the portal visitor or ISP customer, but
Amikai's customer is the portal or ISP itself. We
are now also expanding into enterprise-oriented
translations. To Amikai, both of these scenarios
are B2B. However, in the first case, the primary
user of the MT service is outside of the client
company, while in the enterprise case, the primary
user is within the client company.
In relation to the B2B application of MT, what
would be the scenario with enterprise-wide MT applications
by multinationals that want to facilitate interaction
among their international staff across language barriers?
There are many uses for MT in international
business. Translated chat is useful for collaboration
among linguistically diverse teams. Translated Web
browsers facilitate corporate research across language
barriers. Translated email eases communication both
within and outside of an international business.
Translated Word documents, PowerPoint presentations,
Excel spreadsheets and Acrobat documents allow access
to corporate information, regardless of the source
language.
From the start, Amikai seems to have made it clear
that Japan is a very important market for the company.
Traditionally, translation requirements in the Japanese
market have generally concentrated on Japanese-English.
But recently, an emerging need has surfaced for Japanese
to be translated into other Asian languages such as
Chinese and Korean and vice versa. Is this something
Amikai is working on, especially since it already
has Korean within its range of languages?
Yes, Amikai is actively working
on expanding and improving its offerings in Asian
languages other than Japanese, e.g., Korean and
Simplified Chinese.
What is Amikai's next big thing?
At Amikai, we are very excited about
the launch of the Amikai Enterprise translation
solution, and we are eagerly watching its adoption
in international corporations.
The Internet has made MT widely visible to the
general public. Within a very short timeframe, translation
has come to be accepted as one of the standard functionalities
of the Internet. Authors of the 1966 ALPAC report
would be astonished to see this development with MT.
This illustrates how difficult it is to predict the
future. Having said that, what is your view on the
future of MT?
MT is a technology just now coming
into its own commercially. Like any tool, MT has
appropriate uses and inappropriate uses, and at
Amikai, we believe that as users develop a better
sense for the usefulness of MT, more and better
commercial applications will be developed. There
is still room for great advances in quality, but
in addition, engines will need to expand beyond
the current sentential unit to consider longer contexts
when performing translations. In addition, we believe
that there is much untapped potential in the types
of MT applications that are available, including
ones that better integrate MT and HT. All in all,
Amikai is excited to be at the cutting edge of MT
applications, and we see a bright future for this
technology.
Raymond Flournoy,
Ph.D. received his B.A. from Harvard College,
and after studying at Kyoto University under a Monbusho
Fellowship, proceeded to Stanford University's Department
of Computer Science. He received his Ph.D. in 2000,
and since then has been the Director of Computational
Linguistics at Amikai, Inc. in San Francisco, CA,
USA. Fluent in Japanese, his primary areas of interest
are Machine Translation and Cross-Language Information
Retrieval.
Reprinted
by permission from the Globalization Insider,
18 March 2003, Volume XII, Issue 1.5.
Copyright
the Localization Industry Standards Association
(Globalization Insider: www.localization.org,
LISA: www.lisa.org)
and S.M.P. Marketing Sarl (SMP) 2004
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