Loan words in Indonesian
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The Indonesian language has absorbed many loanwords from other languages:
- Early Hindu and Buddhist influence from India results in many Sanskrit words in Indonesian (and especially Javanese). Indian traders may have contributed words as well, in Sanskrit-related languages as well as Tamil.
- Muslim influence, which came at first through Arabic traders, over a number of centuries results in an extensive Arabic influence.
- Portuguese contact, trade and colonization in the 16th century was the first contact between Indonesia and European culture, and had an influence that remains today, in spite of the relatively short time period of that influence.
- Dutch colonization and administration, lasting from the 17th century to the 20th, had an extensive impact on the vocabulary. As Dutch-trained linguists determined the rules for the official Indonesian language, Dutch thus had an impact on the structure of the language as well.
- Modern Indonesian regularly adapts new words from other languages, particularly English.
Indonesian differs from the Malay language in a number of respects, particularly the different influences both languages have.
List of loanwords
| Word |
Meaning |
Language of origin |
| agama |
religion |
Sanskrit |
| aksara |
letter |
Sanskrit |
| bahasa |
language |
Sanskrit |
| bakti, bhakti |
homage, devotion, service etc. |
Sanskrit |
| berita |
news |
Sanskrit |
| budi |
reason |
Sanskrit |
| bumi |
earth |
Sanskrit |
| cahaya |
light |
Sanskrit |
| cakram, cakra |
disk, sphere etc. |
Sanskrit |
| cakrawala |
horizon |
Sanskrit |
| dana |
donation, funds |
Sanskrit |
| dharma, darma |
duty, good deeds (i.e. charity), truth etc. |
Sanskrit |
| desa |
village |
Sanskrit |
| gajah |
elephant |
Sanskrit |
| genta |
bell |
Sanskrit |
| guna |
utilize, use, purpose |
Sanskrit |
| guru |
teacher, guru |
Sanskrit |
| jasa |
merit, service etc. |
Sanskrit |
| karma |
karma (Hindu origin) |
Sanskrit |
| karya |
work, oeuvre |
Sanskrit |
| kepala |
head |
Sanskrit |
| kerja |
work (same origin as karya) |
Sanskrit |
| mantra |
mantra |
Sanskrit |
| menteri |
minister (head of a government department) |
Sanskrit |
| nama |
name |
Sanskrit |
| negara |
country |
Sanskrit |
| negeri |
city (lit.) |
Sanskrit |
| pahala |
merit, reward (for moral conduct) |
Sanskrit |
| paksa |
to force |
Sanskrit |
| pustaka |
book |
Sanskrit |
| rasa |
emotion, feeling, taste |
Sanskrit |
| sastra |
literature |
Sanskrit |
| seteru |
enemy |
Sanskrit |
| topi |
hat |
Sanskrit |
| utara |
north |
Sanskrit |
| warna |
colour |
Sanskrit |
| warta |
news (same origin as berita) |
Sanskrit |
| warta berita |
news broadcast |
Sanskrit |
| apam |
kind of cake |
Tamil |
| kedai |
foodstall |
Tamil |
| abdi |
servant (Ar. Abd ) |
Arabic |
| akal |
reason (Ar. 'aqlun) |
Arabic |
| akhir |
end (Ar. akhirun) |
Arabic |
| akhlak |
moral ( Ar. akhlaqun) |
Arabic |
| akhirat |
hereafter (Ar. akhiratun) |
Arabic |
| anda |
you (formal) (Ar. anta) |
Arabic |
| awal |
beginning (Ar. awwalun) |
Arabic |
| badan |
body |
Arabic |
| berkah, barokah |
bless, barakah (Ar. barkatun) |
Arabic |
| daftar |
list (Ar. daftarun) |
Arabic |
| dunia |
world (Ar. dun-yaa`) |
Arabic |
| kitab |
book (Ar. kitabun) |
Arabic |
| kursi |
chair (Ar. kursiyyun) |
Arabic |
| halal |
lawful |
Arabic |
| haram |
unlawful |
Arabic |
| lisan |
mouthly, mouth (Ar. litsanun) |
Arabic |
| maaf |
sorry, to apologise |
Arabic |
| maksud |
meaning, purpose |
Arabic |
| majelis |
assembly, majlis (Ar. majlis) |
Arabic |
| masjid |
mosque (Ar. masjid) |
Arabic |
| mubazir |
useless (Ar. mubazir) |
Arabic |
| muflis |
bankrupt |
Arabic |
| murtad |
apostate (Ar. murtad) |
Arabic |
| musim |
season |
Arabic |
| pikir |
to think (Ar. fikr) |
Arabic |
| sedekah |
gift, shodaqoh (Ar. shadaqatun) |
Arabic |
| senin |
monday (Ar. ttsnain) |
Arabic |
| selasa |
tuesday (Ar. tsalasa) |
Arabic |
| rabu |
wednesday (Ar. arba'a) |
Arabic |
| kamis |
thursday (Ar. khams) |
Arabic |
| jumat |
friday (Ar. jum'ah) |
Arabic |
| sabar |
patience (Ar. sabr) |
Arabic |
| sabtu |
saturday (Ar. sabtu) |
Arabic |
| siasat |
trick |
Arabic |
| surat |
letter |
Arabic |
| waktu |
time (Ar. waqtun) |
Arabic |
| wilayah |
region, area |
Arabic |
| zakat |
alms (Ar. zakkatun) |
Arabic |
| zaman / jaman |
era |
Arabic |
| administrasi |
administration (Dutch administratie) |
Dutch |
| arde |
ground (Dutch = aarde = earth) |
Dutch |
| arbei |
strawberry (Dutch =aardbei) |
Dutch |
| ban |
tire (Dutch = band) |
Dutch |
| baskom, waskom |
washbasin (Dutch = waskom) |
Dutch |
| bengkel |
workplace (Dutch = winkel: store, originally angle) |
Dutch |
| besuk |
visiting (Dutch = bezoeken) |
Dutch |
| bioskop |
cinema (Dutch = bioscoop) |
Dutch |
| buncis |
green beans (Dutch = boontjes) |
Dutch |
| bruder |
Roman Catholic friar (Dutch broeder = brother) |
Dutch |
| buku |
book (Dutch = boek) |
Dutch |
| dak |
roof (Dutch = dak) |
Dutch |
| dasi |
necktie (Dutch = das(je)) |
Dutch |
| ember |
bucket (Dutch = emmer) |
Dutch |
| engsel |
hinges (Dutch = hengsel) |
Dutch |
| handuk |
towel (Dutch = handdoek) |
Dutch |
| hanger |
hanger |
Dutch |
| kabel |
cable (Dutch = Kabel) |
Dutch |
| kamar |
room (Dutch = kamer) |
Dutch |
| kantor |
office (Dutch = kantoor) |
Dutch |
| karcis |
ticket (Dutch = kaartjes: plural for diminutive of kaart, card or ticket) |
Dutch |
| kartu |
card (Dutch=kaart) |
Dutch |
| kelar |
ready, finished (Dutch = klaar) |
Dutch |
| knalpot (or kenalpot) |
exhaust (on a car) |
Dutch |
| kulkas |
refrigator (Dutch = koelkast) |
Dutch |
| kusen |
window frame (Dutch = kozijn) |
Dutch |
| laci |
deskdrawer (Dutch = laatje: diminutive form of la(de)) |
Dutch |
| lampu |
lamp |
Dutch |
| mantel |
coat |
Dutch |
| migrasi |
migration (Dutch = migratie) |
Dutch |
| mises |
sprinkles (Dutch = muisjes) |
Dutch |
| mur/baut |
nut/bolt (Dutch = moer/bout) |
Dutch |
| oom / om |
uncle (Dutch = oom) |
Dutch |
| pabrik |
factory (Dutch = fabriek) |
Dutch |
| pensil |
pencil (Dutch penseel (brush)) |
Dutch |
| plafon |
ceiling (Dutch = plafond, from French) |
Dutch |
| potlot |
pencil (Dutch = potlood) |
Dutch |
| rekening |
account (Dutch = rekening) |
Dutch |
| resleting |
zipper (Dutch = ritssluiting) |
Dutch |
| ribewis |
driving licence (Dutch = rijbewijs) |
Dutch |
| sekrup |
screw (Dutch = schroef) |
Dutch |
| sepeda |
bicycle (most probably from French velocipede) |
Dutch |
| sirkulasi |
circulation (Dutch circulatie) |
Dutch |
| slang |
water hose |
Dutch |
| solusi |
solution (Dutch solutie) |
Dutch |
| stopkontak |
power socket (Dutch stopcontact) |
Dutch |
| tante |
aunt (Dutch = tante, from French) |
Dutch |
| tas |
bag |
Dutch |
| tegel |
floor tile |
Dutch |
| telat |
(too) late (Dutch = te laat) |
Dutch |
| wastafel |
sink |
Dutch |
| wortel |
carrot |
Dutch |
| zuster, suster |
nun, nurse, sister |
Dutch |
| amoi |
Chinese girl (from Port of Amoy, China) |
Chinese |
| angpao |
gift money for Chinese New Year |
Chinese |
| bakmie |
meat noodle |
Chinese |
| bakso |
meatball |
Chinese |
| dacin |
balance scale |
Chinese |
| duit |
money (Chinese = lui) |
Chinese |
| gua/gue |
me (slang) |
Chinese |
| hoki |
luck, lucky |
Chinese |
| kecap |
soybean sauce, (ketchup is 'saus tomat', it is not the kecap of soybean) |
Chinese |
| loteng |
2nd storey of a house |
Chinese |
| mak comblang |
match maker |
Chinese |
| mesiu |
gunpowder (not clear whether of Chinese descent or not) |
Chinese |
| micin |
MSG (flavouring for cooking) |
Chinese |
| pasar |
market |
Chinese |
| singkek |
Chinese newcomer (derogative), pure blooded Chinese, i.e. not of mixed ancestry |
Chinese |
| tahu |
tofu |
Chinese |
| teh |
tea |
Chinese |
| tionghoa |
Chinese |
Chinese |
| tiongkok |
China |
Chinese |
| justru |
(just) true |
English |
| gosip |
gossip |
English |
| target |
target |
English |
| kado |
gift (Fr. cadeau, Dutch kado/cadeau) |
French |
| kudeta |
coup d'état |
French |
| supir |
driver (Fr. chauffeur) |
French |
| aku |
I, me |
Javanese |
| armada |
fleet (Port. armada) |
Portuguese |
| belanda |
Dutch, Holland, any westerner (Port. Holanda) |
Portuguese |
| bendera |
flag (Port. bandeira) |
Portuguese |
| beranda |
verandah (Port. varanda) |
Portuguese |
| biola |
violin (Port. viola) |
Portuguese |
| boneka |
doll (Port. boneca) |
Portuguese |
| dansa |
dance (Port. danca) |
Portuguese |
| gereja |
church (Port. igreja) |
Portuguese |
| keju |
cheese (Port. queijo) |
Portuguese |
| kemeja |
shirt (Port. camisa) |
Portuguese |
| kereta |
chariot/car (Port. carreta) |
Portuguese |
| lemari |
closet (Port. armário) |
Portuguese |
| meja |
table (Port. mesa) |
Portuguese |
| mentega |
butter (Port. manteiga) |
Portuguese |
| minggu |
Sunday (Port. domingo) |
Portuguese |
| nona |
young woman (Port. donha) |
Portuguese |
| pesta |
party (Port. festa) |
Portuguese |
| sekolah |
school (Port. escola) |
Portuguese |
| sepatu |
shoe (Port. sapato) |
Portuguese |
| serdadu |
army (Port. soldado) |
Portuguese |
| tempo |
time (Port. tempo) |
Portuguese |
| terigu |
wheat (Port. trigo) |
Portuguese |
| frambus |
raspberry (Dutch Framboos, Port. framboesa) |
Portuguese/Dutch |
| kakus |
toilet (Dutch verb kakken/noun kakhuis) |
Portuguese/Dutch |
| gardu |
to guard, watch post (Dutch Garde, Port. guarda) |
Portuguese/Dutch |
| gubernur |
governor (Dutch Gouverneur, Port. governador) |
Portuguese/Dutch |
| gratis |
free (not having to pay) |
Portuguese/French/Dutch/Spanish |
| topik |
topic (Port. tópico) |
Portuguese/Dutch |
| pengaruh |
influence |
Sundanese |
| amburadul |
mess, something out of order |
Sundanese |
| anjangsana |
high official visiting |
Sundanese |
| anjungan |
pavilion |
Minangkabau (W. Sumatra) |
| nan |
which, who (connecting word) |
Minangkabau |
| anda |
you (respectful) |
Nias (island W. of Sumatra) |
| awak |
you (regional) |
Riau (eastern province of Sumatra) |
| beta |
I, me, myself |
Maluku |
| abang |
older brother |
Sumatran Malay |
| pasti |
surely |
Manado Malay |
| bandar |
port |
Persian |
| cadar |
veil |
Persian |
| gandum |
eheat |
Persian |
| pahlawan |
hero |
Persian |
| piyama |
pajamas |
Persian |
| pesona |
charm |
Persian |
| nakhoda |
captain of a ship |
Persian |
| takhta |
throne |
Persian |
| sihir |
magic |
Persian |
| syahbandar |
portmaster |
Persian |
| zirah |
armor |
Persian |
| ebi |
dried shrimp |
Japanese |
| kempeitai |
gendarme |
Japanese |
| jibaku |
struggle |
Japanese |
| romusha |
enslaved worker |
Japanese |
| taisho |
physical exercise |
Japanese |
| toko |
shop |
Japanese |
Almost all loan words in Indonesian with Chinese origin comes from Hokkien dialect. Loan words in Indonesian with Chinese origins.
Bibliography
- de Vries, Jan W., Grijns, C.D. and Santa Maria, L. 1983 Indonesian : a check-list of words of European origin in Bahasa Indonesia and traditional Malay Leiden : Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. ISBN 90-6718-004-1.
External links
See also
Published - February 2009
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