A [ top ]
Arm Strap. When playing
a bellowspipe, this attaches the players arm to
the bellows allowing him to control them.
Argyllshire Gathering. An
annual highland games, held at Oban, Scotland every
August which attracts the highest level of competition
from around the world. Competitions are held for
(i) the Open Piobaireachd, also known as the Clasp;
(ii) The Highland Society of London's Gold Medal
for Piobaireachd; (iii) The Silver Medal for Piobaireachd;
(iv) Former Winners March, Strathspey and Reel Competition,
or the Silver Star; (iv) individual event competitions
for Grade A & B March, Strathspey, and Reel;
and Hornpipe & Jig. Winners of the Gold Medal
compete in subsequent years in the Clasp competition.
A similar event is held at Inverness, Scotland,
(the Northern Meeting) which is held usually two
weeks later, in September of each year.
Attack. In pipe
band terms, attack describes the process of getting
the band from a non-playing state to a playing state.
In competition, the attack is often believed to
set the scene for the performance that follows and
therefore great emphasis is placed on it. The commonest
method is for the drummers to place two sets of
rolls, each lasting for three paces. On the second
set, the band strikes in their drones and on the
last stroke of the roll, play a two beat introductory
note, usually E. The attack is generally considered
to have finished when the band has settled into
their introductory tune, typically a few bars in.
B [ top ]
Back D. The note played
by the thumb hole of the Uilleann pipe chanter.
It has a distinctive haunting quality, subtly different
to the rest of the scale.
Backstitching.
An ornament in Uilleann piping. The stitch is two
staccatto gracenotes played above the main note
pitch; backstitching is the process of playing several
of these stitches on a series of melody notes.
Bag Seasoning.
Seasoning a bag keeps the leather supple, while
allowing it to absorb moisture and keep the bag
airtight.
Bag Cover. The
pipe bag is often covered with a cover, mainly for
decoration but possibly also to help the player
keep a grip on the bag while playing. Materials
can include corduroy, velvet, or wool.
Popping. On the
Uilleann chanter, the effect created by playing
a staccatto note while simultaneously lifting and
replacing the chanter on the leg. Also known as
barking, as this is the sound created.
Tuning Bead. Northumbrian
pipe drones incorporate a tuning bead and/or slide
which allows the player to raise the pitch of the
drone by a whole tone to play in other keys.
Birl. Onomatopoeic name for a Highland bagpipe
embellishment on low A, consisting of two very fast
taps or strikes to low G.
Blade. The vibrating
element of a bagpipe reed. Reeds can be single or
double; generally speaking, chanter reeds are double
and drone reeds single. The blade is also known
sometimes as a tongue.
Blowpipe. The
pipe through which the bag is inflated.
Bombarde. A shawm-like
instrument traditionally played in duet with the
bagpipe in Brittany.
Bottom D. The lowest
note available on an uilleann chanter. Called Bottom
D to avoid confusion with the two higher Ds available.
It is obtained by lifting the chanter off the leg.
Brien Boru Pipes.
A 20th century attempt to create an instrument similar
to the Highland bagpipe, but with an extended range
that could handle popular Irish melodies. Several
bands were formed, one or two of which still exist.
Bridle. A strip
of copper about 1/8" to 3/16" wide and
2" long with slanted edges. Used to secure
the two blades of a reed.
C [ top ]
Canntaireachd. A system
of non-lexical vocables, whose purpose is to encapsulate
piobaireachd in a form which can be written or spoken
while maintaining the precision normally offered
only by written music. One of the most important
sources in piobaireachd, the Nether Lorn manuscript,
is exclusively written in canntaireachd.
Ceòl Beag.
Literally meaning little music, a Highland bagpiping
term referring to, essentially, anything that is
not piobaireachd. The term is of relatively recent
origin.
Cimpoi aka Çimpoi:
a Romanian chanter with cylindrical bore and single
beating reed. Also has a lower joint usually carved
from horn that extends at approximately 45 degrees
from the bottom of the chanter.
Closed Bore. A
chanter with a closed end at the bottom of the chanter.
When all the finger holes are closed, the chanter
cannot sound, allowing the player to play staccatto.
The Uilleann pipe achieves the same end by having
the player rest the chanter on the leg, with the
advantage that the lowest note remains available.
Closed Fingering.
A fingering system that generally involves only
one or two fingers being lifted for any particular
note.
College of Piping. Founded
in 1957 by Seumas MacNeill and Thomas Pearston.
Located in Glasgow, Scotland, it publishes the monthly
Piping Times, hosts a small museum, and runs an
active teaching program.
Combing and Beading.
Decorative turnings consisting of more or less tightly
spaced narrow circular grooves found on drones,
mostly on Great Highland pipes.
Cords. Decorative
cords with tassels are used to link or tie the three
drones of the Highland bagpipe together.
Cran. An Uilleann
piping ornament, consisting of a series of gracenotes
of varying pitch over a low note, most commonly
bottom D.
Crow. A distinctive
sound made when a chanter reed is blown in the mouth.
The crow can often give clues as to the potential
performance of the reed.
Crunluath. The
crunluath variation in piobaireachd consists of
a series of crunluath movements played on them theme
notes of the melody. The movement itself is a dramatic
set of seven gracenotes which bring the tune to
a climax.
Crunluath a Mach.
An occasional extension of the crunluath variation,
with rhythmical and melodic changes, and a slight
increase in tempo, creating a spectacular finish
to a piobaireachd.
Cut. (i) An old
term for a single gracenote; (ii) to reduce the
length of a note in a way not easily described by
conventional music notation - for example, the cut
note in a strathspey, normally rendered as a semiquaver,
is described as cut and the resulting note is much
shorter.
D [ top ]
Dirk. A dagger, approximately
12 inches long, normally only worn by Highland bagpipers
in full dress.
Dithis. Piobaireachd
variation. Pronounced: "jee-es", though
this depends on the speakers accent. Literally meaning
two, or a pair, it is a variation of the Urlar or
theme of the Piobaireachd. Sometimes used interchangeably
with the variation referred to as Siubhal, though
the terms do have distinct meanings. The Dithis
generally consists of a series of longer theme notes,
separated by short lowe notes. It is generally followed
by a doubling where the long theme note is repeated,
but with the same rhythmic pattern as before.
Double
Chanter. A chanter with two bores
and two sets of finger holes. On some, both bores
have the same finger hole spacing and sound in unison.
On others, one bore may have only a single finger
hole and is used as a sort of alternating-tone drone.
Double
Gold Medal. Winning the two premier
Highland bagpipe competitions (Oban and Inverness)
in the same year. A feat only rarely achieved.
Double Tone.
When starting the bagpipes, as the pressure
is increased, the drones initially sound at a higher
pitch, perhaps a semitone or tone higher than normal.
As the pressure continues to increase, the drones
fully strike in at a normal and smoother pitch.
This is deemed to be indicative of a higher quality
reed.
Doubling. (i) Two
gracenotes preceding a melody note, bracketing a
short gracentoe at the same pitch as the melody
note (thereby doubling the melody note). (ii) A
restatement of a variation in piobaireachd. Usually
slightly uptempo and simpler in form.
Drone Switch. A
drone switch, set in a common stock, allows the
player to start and stop the drones at will.
Drum Major. Traditionally,
a Drum Major was the senior drummer in a pipe band
and commanded the band on parade, rather paradoxically
without a drum. Their role was to control the band
when on parade. Nowadays Drum Majors continue to
fill these roles, but are not necessarily trained
musicians.
E [ top ]
Embellishments. A common term
for clusters of gracenotes which produce particular
rhythmic effects.
F [ top ]
False Notes. A recent
term describing cross fingerings on the Highland
bagpipe, used to creat notes such as C natural that
were not traditionally extant on the instrument.
False Fingering. A
Highland bagpipe term describing an error of fingering,
typically where the player has not realised they
have not lifted or replaced fingers after a particular
note.
Ferrule. A band
made of ivory, imitation ivory, or metal, such as
brass, copper or silver, mounted around the ends
of stocks, drone joints and blowpipes to be both
decorative and to protect the wood from damage.
Flap Valve. A device
that keeps air from backing out of a blowpipe when
the piper takes a breath. The valve is nothing more
than a flap of leather that is mounted so as to
block the airway when air pressure becomes greater
on the inside than on the outside. Bellows-operated
pipes usually have two flap valves, one in the air-inlet
(in one of the bellows-cheeks) and the other in
the connecting pipe between the bellows and the
bag.
Flea Hole. A very
small chanter finger hole most commonly found on
Eastern European and Balkan pipes that, when uncovered,
raises the pitch being played by the other fingers
by approximately a semitone, allowing chromatic
possibilities. It is distinct from a vent hole,
which raises the chanter pitch by an octave (on
conical-bored chanters).
Fontennelle. A
rigid tubular cover that fits over the lowest key
on some bagpipe chanters (notably Italian Zampognas),
covering all of the keys except the very end of
the actuating lever. Usually made of the same material
as the chanter or the chanter's trim work.
Free Hand Chords.
A technique on the Uilleann pipes, where the player
removes their lower hand from the chanter in order
to play more elaborate accompaniments than normally
possible on the regulators.
G [ top ]
GDE Gracenotes. On
the Highland bagpipe, a frequently used gracenote
sequence, appearing in every type of music. It consists
of a G, D, and E gracenote on any lower note.
Grace note. Whereas
in classical music a gracenote would be taken to
mean a note that has melodic significance, in piping,
it means a very short note, perhaps not dissimilar
to the acciaccatura.
Grades. For competition
purposes, pipe bands are usually organised into
grades, usually from 1 to 4, with grade 1 being
the highest level.
Grip. A percussive
Highland bagpipe embellishment, also known as the
throw or leamluath.
Ground. The melody
on which the variations of a piobaireachd are based.
Also known as the Urlar.
Gooseneck bag. A
bag with a long neck or "gooseneck" to
the chanter stock. It is more comfortale for pipers
with long arms.
H [ top ]
Half Sized Pipes.
A size of Highland bagpipe offered by 19th and early
20th century pipe makers. Now uncommon.
High Hand. The
hand playing the top of the chanter. The term is
often used in the context of part of a melody which
lies mostly on a single hand.
Hornpipe. Historically,
the hornpipe style was developed from the dance
done by sailors, played on the hornpipe instrument.
In the Highland bagpiping world, the hornpipe has
become a favourite style of tune for opening a competition
selection and the style has evolved to become similar
to a reel; portmanteaus like 'reelpipe' or 'hornreel'
are sometimes used to describe these tunes.
I [ top ]
Imitation Ivory. A synthetic
replacement for elephant ivory, which was commonly
used to mount and decorate many kinds of bagpipe.
J [ top ]
Joints. Generally, the
word joint refers to a complete section of a drone,
rather than the actual point of connection.
L [ top ]
Lapping. The process of winding hemp (a stout thread) onto a tenon or tuning slide in order to create a good seal between the two parts.
Leumluath. (i) A (relatively unusual) piobaireachd variation. (ii )Another name for a grip movement (which is played in the leamluath variation).
Low Hand. See High Hand.
Lowland Bagpipe. Another name for the Border pipes. This term is generally not used nowadays due to the possibility of confusion with the Scottish Smallpipes.
M [ top ]
MacCrimmons. The MacCrimmon family are the traditional source of piobaireachd teaching and all players today can trace their teaching lineage back to this family. Their origin is obscure and shrouded in legend, but they were hereditary pipers to the MacLeods of Dunvegan by 1700, and were pre-eminent composers and players during the 17th and 18th centuries. Many of their tunes survive and are played today.
Mace. The Drum Major carries a mace to give visual signals to the band when marching.
March. A tune especially suitable for marching to. Usually an uptempo melody in 2/4, 4/4, 6/8, or 12/8.
Massed Bands. A number of pipe bands performing together, commonly after a competition or as part of a military tattoo.
Military Tattoo. A signal sounded (as on a bugle or drum) shortly before Taps. Also evening entertainment given by troops usually in the form of outdoor military exercises with bagpipe music and massed bands. The annual Edinburgh Festival Tattoo is famous for its exhibition of pipe band marching and playing, including the Massed Bands finale.
Mounts. Decorative trim on the wooden parts of a bagpipe. Its function is partly protective but its main purpose is decoration.
MSR. A common abbreviation for March, Strathspey & Reel. The MSR combination has been a common one since the Victorian era and is a common competition requirement.
N [ top ]
Neck. The narrowest part of the chanter, just below the bole or knob.
Nicol Brown Competition. An annual piping competition in the USA founded by Pipe Major Donald Lindsay, in honour of R.U. Brown and R.B. Nicol, the two principal pupils of John MacDonald of Inverness, one of the main figures in piobaireachd tuition of the 20th century.
Northern Meeting. An annual piping competition held at Inverness, Scotland, attracting the world's top pipers. The competitive events are similar to the events held at the Argyllshire Gathering at Oban, Scotland. About 30 applicants are carefully selected to compete for the Silver Medal. Winners of the Silver can compete for the Gold. Only winners of the Gold can compete for the Clasp or Seniors medal. The Northern Meeting is traditionally considered the most senior piping competition.
O [ top ]
Off the knee. Playing with the Uilleann chanter removed from the leg, generally in a legato style.
On the knee. Playing the Uilleann chanter resting on the leg, generally producing a choppier, more staccatto style.
Open Fingering. A fingering style in Uilleann piping suited to legato playing.
Overblow. Generally, to cause a reed to jump an octave by increasing the pressure on it. Some types of bagpipe, particularly the Uilleann pipe, require this technique to achieve the full range of the chanter.
P [ top ]
Pibroch. An anglicisation, now generally deprecated, of piobaireachd.
Piob. Simply means "a pipe" in Gaelic.
Piobaire. Gaelic for piper.
Piobaireachd. The most literal translation of piobaireachd
is "pipering", or perhaps "what pipers
do". Nowadays, it is normally taken to refer
to the classical form of bagpipe music, developed
by the McCrimmons in the 17th century.
Piobaireachd G: A slightly flat
high G, played using a different fingering to normal,
with a distinctive tone.
Pipers Apron. See Popping Strap.
Piping Times. A Scottish publication dedicated to piping.
Popping. Lifting the uilleann pipe quickly off the knee for E, F# or G in the high octave.
Popping Strap. A piece of leather, held on the Uillean piper's leg, used to achieve a good seal with the base of the chanter.
Q [ top ]
Quick Step. A tune superficially similar to, and potentially interchangeable with, a 2/4 march, suitable for a quickstep dance.
R [ top ]
Redundant A. Older notation for Piobaireachd includes an extra low A note in taorluaths and crunluaths. Whether or not it was played is unclear, although there are certainly players today who still play it.
Reel Pipes. A miniature set of Highland bagpipes, produced in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
Regulators. A regulator is a simple chanter which is played with the heel of the hand, allowign the Uilleann piper to play a limited chordal accompaniment to the chanter melody.
Retreat. A relaxed, melodic tune in triple time, played by highland pipers at the close of day in military barracks. It has no connection to military manoeuvering!
Roll. An embellishment used in uilleann piping, consisting of two gracenotes on the melody note. The name derives from an analogous fiddle decoration.
Rush. A wire that is inserted into the chanter. The rush effectively reduces the volume of the conical chanter below the desired hole. This causes the chanter to dampen or flatten the notes as far as the rush is inserted. Originally an actual rush was used for this purpose.
S [ top ]
Scraper. Tool (knife) used to scrape reeds; the shape of the tool is critical.
Seasoning. Another name more commonly used nowadays for
"dressing".
Second Octave. The upper octave on the Uilleann chanter.
Seconds. A Highland bagpipe term for harmonies, usually based around parallel thirds. The effect is often intended to be textural rather than to have genuine musical merit.
Shooting Board. A wood block about 6" by 2" x 1" with a grove running through the long end. Used to make reeds.
Single Reed. A reed with one blade, which sounds continuously through passage of air. Usually the shape of a cylinder with a tongue or flap and a bridle.
Sliding. Rolling a finger off a whole to create a sliding pitch change.
Staple. A small cylindrical piece of metal (usually copper) tubing used to support the blades of a reed.
Stop Key. See Chanter Stop Key.
Strike. A gracenote played by tapping one or more fingers on the chanter.
Striking in. The process of bring in the drones and placing the bag under the arm in a comfortable position.
Siubhal. A type of Piobaireachd variation, similar to the Dithis.
T [ top ]
Tachum. An onomatapoeic decription of a short melodic figure in Scottish music. It generally consists of a short note, on the beat, which is followed by a long note a second or third below.
Taorluath. A fundamental embellishment in Highland bagpipe playing, a more comples version of the GDE pattern.
Tenon. Connects the pipes to the stocks of a pipe. Tenons are typically wrapped with waxed thread. Cork, o-rings, and other materials are also sometimes employed for this purpose. Italian pipes use bare tapered tenons mating into tapered sockets, and screw threads carved into wood or ivory are also seen.
Tempradura. A prelude played by Spanish bagpipers as a warmup exercise; perhaps a prelude appropriate to set the mood for the concert piece.
Throat. The internal bore of the chanter between the reed seat and the top hole. The shap of this is critical.
Throw on D. An embellishment on the D of the Highland bagpipe chanter not dissimilar to the grip.
Tight Fingering. See closed fingering.
Tipping. A serioes of short staccatto notes played on the Uilleann pipes.
Tongue. The vibrating element of a drone reed
which has a single vibrating element. Chanter reeds
have two vibrating elements or blades.
Tuning Pins. Also know as tuning slides, the sections of the drone that when mated toegther allow the overall length to be adjusted in oprder to bring the drone into tune.
U [ top ]
Undercut. Removing material from the underneath of a finger hole to sharpen the note on the chanter without changing the shape of the hole.
Union. An early name for Uilleann Pipes
Unison. In pipe bands, the term unison normally refers to how closely melody players are playing together.
Urlar. Gaelic word for Ground. See Piobaireachd above.
V [ top ]
Valves. Valves are used in most types of bagpipes to close off the air entry point (the blowpipe), although some pipers simply closed the end of their blowpipe when they took a breath.
Vent Holes. On the Highland bagpipe chanter, the vent holes
are two holes with produce low G; the reason for
the term vent holes is unclear.
(The) Voice. An American publication
dedicated to piping.
W [ top ]
Water Trap. A device attached to
the blowpipe stock designed to catch water from the
players breath, in order to prevent the reeds from
getting wet.
References
[ top ]
The Highland Bagpipe, Captain John A. Maclellan, MBE
The Piper's Handbook, PM John A. Maclellan, MBE, Paterson's Publications, London
Cannon, Frederick D.. The Highland Bagpipe and its Music, 2nd, Edinburgh EH9 1QS: John Donald Publishers of Birlinn LTD. ISBN 0-85976-549-0. Retrieved on 2006-06-28.
MacNeill, Seumus. Piobaireachd, Classical Music of the Highland Bagpipe, 2nd reprint, Edinburgh , 2: Broadcasting Council for Scotland by the BBC. ISBN 0563074876.
The Notation & Tuning of the Highland Bagpipe, Captain John A. Maclellan, MBE
Bagpipe Music for Dancing, John Maclellan, Paterson's Publications
The Art of Piobaireachd, by Dr. Ian L. McKay, revised 1996, published by Comunn na Piobaireachd (NA) Inc
Piping and Drumming, An Integrated Approach, Volume I, S.H.Bailie, Published by the Northern Ireland Piping and Drumming School of the N.I. branch, The Royal Scottish Pipe Band Association, Belfast 1988.
Structured Learning, The RSPBA Complete Guide to Piping & Drumming Certification, Books I-III, Published by The Royal Scottish Pipe Band Association.
Highland Bagpipe Makers, 1740-1960, Jeannie Campbell, 2001, ISBN 1-899780-02-5, Magnus Orr Publishing
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