jeopardy
The Fifth Amendment to
the U.S. Constitution guarantees that no one can "be twice
put in jeopardy of life or limb" for the same offense.
In short, no one can be tried twice for the same crime.
joint
tenancy
A means
of owning property by two or more owners. If one of the
owners dies, the other owner or owners automatically take
over that person's portion of the ownership.
judgment
The
decision of a court that determines the rights of the
parties to a dispute.
judgment
creditor
A
creditor who has successfully sued the debtor and has
obtained a court judgment against the debtor.
judgment notwithstanding
the verdict
A reversal of a jury's
verdict by the trial judge. This occurs when a judge determines
there is little or no factual basis for the verdict or
that such a verdict is contrary to law. The judge can
then enter an alternative verdict in the matter.
judgment-proof
A
debtor who has only exempt property or no property, so
that a creditor will be unable to collect a judgment against
him or her.
judicial discretion
The appellate courts give
trial court judges deference in their rulings when reviewing
their decisions on the basis that the sitting judge was
actually present during trial. Judges are therefore given
wide discretion on their rulings and how they conduct
their court.
judicial notice
The power of the court
to make a finding of a fact as true. Examples of matters
given judicial notice are public and court records.
jurisdiction
A system of courts of law
limited to a geographical area which litigate issues that
arise out of that geographical area. Federal courts have
jurisdiction over cases involving violations of federal
law.
jury
Typically a collection
of twelve members of the defendant's community sworn to
hear the facts of a case, apply the law, and determine
the guilt or innocence of the accused. In a criminal trial
the law requires a unanimous decision by the jury. Civil
court juries do not require a unanimous verdict.
jury panel
A master list from which
jurors are chosen to sit in the jury box and answer questions
about their ability to be unbiased and fair as prospective
jurors.
jury selection
The procedure by which
a jury is chosen. From a panel of potential jurors the
judge and attorneys ask questions of prospective jurors
to determine if they can be fair and unbiased about the
case.
jury tampering
A federal and state crime
of intentionally and illegally influencing the outcome
of a criminal trial by making direct or indirect contact
with a juror.
jury trial
In a criminal trial the
defendant has a constitutional right to have the case
presented to a jury for all factual determinations of
guilt or innocence. This right can only be waived by a
knowing and intelligent waiver the defendant.
judgment-proof
A
debtor who has only exempt property, so that a creditor
will be unable to collect a judgment against him or her.
judgment-proof
A
debtor who has only exempt property, so that a creditor
will be unable to collect a judgment against him or her.
justice
A process of rules and
judgements predicated upon principles of fairness and
order in which the determination of guilt or innocence
is determined by a formal judicial hearing.
justifiable homicide
A killing of a human being
without criminal intent. There can be no criminal liability
for such a killing. Examples include self-defense and
insanity.
juvenile court
A special trial court which
exclusively governs the prosecution of under-age defendants.
The typical age is under 18 years. The goal is not to
punish but to rehabilitate the minor. Social workers and
probation officials are usually very active in such proceedings.