Glossary of HIV/AIDS Related Terms
(Starting with "T")
By
AIDSinfo,
Glossary of HIV/AIDS Related Terms, 5th Edition, AIDSinfo,
October 2005
ContactUs[at]aidsinfo.nih.gov
http://aidsinfo.nih.gov
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T Cell
A type of lymphocyte (disease-fighting white blood cell).
The "T" stands for the thymus, where T cells
mature. T cells include CD4 cells and CD8 cells, which
are both critical components of the body's immune system.
See Also: CD4
Cell
CD8
Cell
Lymphocyte
T Lymphocytes
See: T Cell
T Tropic Virus
See: X4-Tropic
Virus
TAMs
See: Thymidine Analogue Mutations
TAT
See: Total Adipose Tissue
TB
See: Tuberculosis
TDM
See: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
TEN
See: Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
TI
See: Therapeutic Index
Tanner Staging
A method for determining an adolescent's stage of sexual
development, irrespective of chronological age. In HIV
treatment, Tanner staging is used to determine the appropriate
treatment guidelines to follow: adult, adolescent, or
pediatric.
Teratogenic
Causing harm to a fetus by interfering with normal prenatal
development. Many drugs, including some anti-HIV drugs,
are teratogenic when taken by pregnant women.
Testosterone
A hormone necessary for normal male sexual development
and functioning and also important in maintaining muscle
strength and mass. Testosterone is sometimes used for
the treatment of HIV-related wasting syndrome and to
increase muscle mass and decrease body fat in people
with HIV. Testosterone replacement therapy is also used
to raise testosterone levels in people with HIV-related
hypogonadism.
See Also: Wasting
Syndrome
Hypogonadism
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM)
Measurement of anti-HIV drug levels in an individual's
blood. These measurements are then used to make appropriate
adjustments to the dosage of the drug. TDM may help
improve the drug's effect and reduce side effects by
keeping the blood level in a specific target range.
TDM is mainly used for drugs in which small changes
in drug levels cause large changes in drug effect.
See Also: Therapeutic
Index
Therapeutic HIV Vaccine
Any HIV vaccine used for the treatment of an HIV-infected
person. Therapeutic HIV vaccines are designed to boost
an individual's immune response to HIV infection in
order to better control the virus. This therapeutic
approach is currently being tested in clinical trials.
See Also: Preventive
HIV Vaccine
Therapeutic Index (TI)
A measure of a drug’s ability to achieve the desired
effect in an individual. Many anti-HIV drugs have a
narrow TI, meaning that small changes in levels of the
drug may produce big effects. Doses of these drugs are
sometimes adjusted using therapeutic drug monitoring
(TDM).
See Also: Therapeutic
Drug Monitoring
Thrombocytopenia
A lower than normal number of blood platelets (cells
important for blood clotting).
See Also: Platelets
Thrush
See: Candidiasis
Thymidine Analogue Mutations (TAMs)
Mutations in HIV's reverse transcriptase (RT) enzyme
that can occur with the use of the NRTIs zidovudine
and stavudine. TAMs make HIV resistant to these drugs
and may limit a person's treatment options.
See Also: Nucleoside
Analogue Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor
Reverse
Transcriptase
Thymus
An organ in the chest behind the breastbone. This organ
is an essential part of the immune system because it
is the site where infection-fighting T cells develop.
See Also: T
Cell
Titer
A laboratory measurement of the amount of a given compound
in solution. For example, an antibody titer is the measurement
of the amount of a particular antibody in a sample of
blood.
Tolerability
Term used to indicate how well a particular medication
is tolerated or endured when taken by people at the
usual dosage. Good tolerability means that medication
side effects don't cause people to stop using the drug.
Tolerance
A decreasing response to repeated doses of a drug, requiring
a dose increase to continue the effects of the drug.
Total Adipose Tissue (TAT)
Adipose (fat) tissue is primarily located under the
skin (subcutaneous adipose tissue), but also found around
internal organs (visceral adipose tissue). Together,
these two types of fat tissue are called total adipose
tissue. Lipodystrophy, or changes in body fat, are a
potential side effect of some anti-HIV drugs, especially
PIs and NRTIs.
See Also: Subcutaneous
Adipose Tissue
Visceral
Adipose Tissue
Lipodystrophy
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN)
A severe form of Stevens-Johnson syndrome involving
at least 30% of the total body skin area.
See Also: Stevens-Johnson
Syndrome
Toxicity
Ability to poison or otherwise harm the body.
Toxoplasmosis
An infection caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii.
The parasite is carried by cats, birds, and other animals,
and is also found in soil contaminated by cat feces
and in meat, particularly pork. Infection can occur
in the lungs, retina of the eye, heart, pancreas, liver,
colon, testes, and brain. Toxoplasmosis of the brain
is considered an AIDS-defining condition in people with
HIV.
Transcription
One of the steps in the HIV life cycle. Transcription
is the process by which the HIV DNA provirus is used
as a template to create copies of HIV's RNA genetic
material, as well as shorter strands of HIV RNA called
messenger RNA (mRNA). HIV mRNA is then used in a process
called translation to create HIV proteins and continue
the virus's life cycle.
See Also: Provirus
Translation
Messenger
RNA
Translation
The step in the HIV life cycle that follows transcription.
Translation is the process by which the genetic information
contained in HIV mRNA is used to build HIV proteins
using the host cell's protein-making machinery. Once
these HIV proteins are produced, they can combine with
copies of HIV's RNA genetic material to form new, complete
copies of HIV.
See Also: Transcription
Transplacental
Across or through the placenta. Usually refers to the
exchange of nutrients, waste products, and other materials
(for example, drugs or infectious organisms) between
the mother and the fetus.
Treatment Failure
A broad term describing failure of an anti-HIV treatment
to adequately control HIV infection. The three types
of HIV treatment failure are virologic, immunologic,
and clinical failure. Factors contributing to treatment
failure include poor adherence, drug resistance, and
drug toxicity.
See Also: Virologic
Failure
Immunologic
Failure
Clinical
Failure
Treatment-Experienced
A term used to describe HIV-infected individuals who
are currently being treated with anti-HIV drugs or who
have taken anti-HIV drugs in the past.
See Also: Treatment-Naive
Treatment-Naive
A term used to describe HIV-infected individuals who
have never taken anti-HIV drugs.
See Also: Treatment-Experienced
Triglycerides
Fat-like substances that help transfer energy from food
into cells. Triglyceride levels that are too high increase
the risk of heart disease and have been associated with
diabetes and pancreatitis. Elevated triglyceride levels
are a potential side effect of some PIs.
Trough Level
See: CMIN
Tuberculin Skin Test
A test performed by injecting purified protein derivative
(PPD) extract under the skin. A person who receives
this test must return to his or her health care provider
after 48 to 72 hours so that the skin's reaction can
be evaluated. A hard red bump or a swollen area at the
injection site indicates that the person has been exposed
to the bacterium that causes tuberculosis (TB). Additional
tests are required to determine if the person has active
TB infection.
See Also: Purified
Protein Derivative
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB)
An infection caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
TB bacteria are spread through the air when a person
with active TB coughs, sneezes, or speaks. Breathing
in the bacteria can lead to infection in the air sacs
of the lungs. Symptoms of TB in the lungs include cough,
tiredness, weight loss, fever, and night sweats. Although
the disease usually occurs in the lungs, it may also
affect the larynx, lymph nodes, brain, kidneys, or bones.
A person with both TB and HIV is more likely to develop
tubuerculosis disease than a person infected only with
the TB bacterium, and TB is considered an AIDS-defining
condition in people with HIV.
See Also: Tuberculin Skin Test
t.i.d.
Three times a day dosing instructions.
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