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Brahmic family of scripts
By Wikipedia,
the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indic_scripts
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The Brahmic or Indic
scripts are a family of abugida (alphabetic-syllabary) writing
systems. They are used throughout South Asia, Southeast Asia, and parts
of Central and East Asia, and are descended from the Brāhmī script of
the ancient Indian subcontinent. They are used by languages of several
language families: Indo-European, Dravidian, Tibeto-Burman, Mongolic,
Austro-Asiatic, Austronesian, Tai, and possibly influenced Korean (hangul).
They were also the source of the dictionary order of Japanese kana.
History
Brahmic scripts are descended from the Brahmi script. Brahmi
is clearly attested from the 3rd century BC during the reign of Ashoka,
who used the script for imperial edicts, but there are some recent finds
of earlier epigraphy in Tamil-Brahmi writing found on pottery in South
India and Sri Lanka, dating back to the 6th century BCE or even earlier.
Northern Brahmi gave rise to the Gupta script during the Gupta period,
which in turn diversified into a number of cursives during the Middle
Ages, including Siddham, Sharada and Nagari.
An inscription in Old Tamil script (Vatte- luttu) from
the Later Chola period, circa 11th century AD. Old Tamil is a direct descendant
of the Brahmi writing system.
The Siddham (kanji: 悉曇, modern Japanese pronunciation:
shittan) script was especially important in Buddhism because many sutras
were written in it, and the art of Siddham calligraphy survives today
in Japan. The syllabic nature and dictionary order of the modern kana
system of Japanese writing is believed to be descended from the Indic
scripts, most likely through the spread of Buddhism.
Southern Brahmi evolved into Grantha and Old-Kannada Scripts among others,
which in turn diversified into numerous scripts of Southeast Asia.
Bhattiprolu was a great centre of Buddhism during 3rd century BCE and
from where Buddhism spread to east Asia. The present Telugu script is
derived from Bhattiprolu Script or 'Kannada-Telugu script', also known
as 'old Kannada script', owing to its similarity to the same.
Initially, minor changes were made which is now called Tamil brahmi which
has far fewer letters than some of the other Indic scripts as it has no
separate aspirated or voiced consonants. Later under the influence of
Granta vetteluthu evolved which looks similar to present day Malayalam
script. Still further changes were made in 19th and 20th centuries to
make use of printing and typewriting needs before we have the present
script.
Gari Ledyard has hypothesized that the hangul script used to write Korean
is based on the Mongol 'Phags-pa script, a descendant of the Brahmic family
via Tibetan.
Characteristics
Some characteristics, which may not be present in all the scripts are:
Halmidi Inscription Replica shows Kannada script which
is thought to have emerged from Ashokan Brahmi around 4th or 3rd Century
BCE as Proto-Kannada.
* Each consonant has an inherent vowel which is usually short 'a'
(in Bengali, Oriya, and Assamese, it is short 'o' due to sound shifts).
Other vowels are written by adding to the character. A mark, known in
Sanskrit as a virama/halant can be used to indicate the absence of an
inherent vowel.
* Each vowel has two forms, an independent form when not part of a
consonant, and a dependent form, when attached to a consonant. Depending
on the script, the dependent forms can be either placed to the left
of, to the right of, above, below, or on both the left and the right
sides of the base consonant.
* Consonants (up to 5 in Devanagari) can be combined in ligatures.
Special marks are added to denote the combination of 'r' with another
consonant.
* Nasalization and aspiration of a consonant's dependent vowel is
also noted by separate signs.
* The traditional ordering can be summarized as follows: vowels, velar
consonants, palatal consonants, retroflex consonants, dental consonants,
bilabial consonants, approximants, sibilants, and other consonants.
Each consonant grouping had four consonants (with all four possible
values of voicing and aspiration), and a nasalised consonant.
Comparison
Below are comparison charts of several of the major Indic scripts; transliteration
is indicated in ISO 15919; pronunciation is indicated in International
Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Pronunciation is taken from Sanskrit where possible,
but other languages where necessary. These lists are not comprehensive;
some glyphs are unrepresented. Some pronunciations may be inaccurate or
different from the ones listed, partly because the graphemically corresponding
glyphs listed in the same column are not necessarily phonetically identical.
Consonants
ISO |
k |
kh |
g |
gh |
ṅ |
c |
ch |
j |
jh |
ñ |
ṭ |
ṭh |
ḍ |
ḍh |
ṇ |
t |
th |
IPA |
k |
kʰ |
ɡ |
ɡʱ |
ŋ |
c |
cʰ |
ɟ |
ɟʱ |
ɲ |
ʈ |
ʈʰ |
ɖ |
ɖʱ |
ɳ |
t̪ |
t̪ʰ |
Oriya |
କ |
ଖ |
ଗ |
ଘ |
ଙ |
ଚ |
ଛ |
ଜ |
ଝ |
ଞ |
ଟ |
ଠ |
ଡ |
ଢ |
ଣ |
ତ |
ଥ |
E. Nagari |
ক |
খ |
গ |
ঘ |
ঙ |
চ |
ছ |
জ |
ঝ |
ঞ |
ট |
ঠ |
ড |
ঢ |
ণ |
ত |
থ |
Devanagari |
क |
ख |
ग |
घ |
ङ |
च |
छ |
ज |
झ |
ञ |
ट |
ठ |
ड |
ढ |
ण |
त |
थ |
Gujarati |
ક |
ખ |
ગ |
ઘ |
ઙ |
ચ |
છ |
જ |
ઝ |
ઞ |
ટ |
ઠ |
ડ |
ઢ |
ણ |
ત |
થ |
Gurmukhi |
ਕ |
ਖ |
ਗ |
ਘ |
ਙ |
ਚ |
ਛ |
ਜ |
ਝ |
ਞ |
ਟ |
ਠ |
ਡ |
ਢ |
ਣ |
ਤ |
ਥ |
Tibetan |
ཀ |
ཁ |
ག |
|
ང |
ཅ |
ཆ |
ཇ |
|
ཉ |
ཊ |
ཋ |
ཌ |
|
ཎ |
ཏ |
ཐ |
Brahmi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Telugu |
క |
ఖ |
గ |
ఘ |
ఙ |
చ |
ఛ |
జ |
ఝ |
ఞ |
ట |
ఠ |
డ |
ఢ |
ణ |
త |
థ |
Kannada |
ಕ |
ಖ |
ಗ |
ಘ |
ಙ |
ಚ |
ಛ |
ಜ |
ಝ |
ಞ |
ಟ |
ಠ |
ಡ |
ಢ |
ಣ |
ತ |
ಥ |
Sinhala |
ක |
ඛ |
ග |
ඝ |
ඞ |
ච |
ඡ |
ජ |
ඣ |
ඤ |
ට |
ඨ |
ඩ |
ඪ |
ණ |
ත |
ථ |
Malayalam |
ക |
ഖ |
ഗ |
ഘ |
ങ |
ച |
ഛ |
ജ |
ഝ |
ഞ |
ട |
ഠ |
ഡ |
ഢ |
ണ |
ത |
ഥ |
Tamil |
க |
|
|
|
ங |
ச |
|
ஜ |
|
ஞ |
ட |
|
|
|
ண |
த |
|
Burmese |
က |
ခ |
ဂ |
ဃ |
င |
စ |
ဆ |
ဇ |
ဈ |
ဉ/ည |
ဋ |
ဌ |
ဍ |
ဎ |
ဏ |
တ |
ထ |
Khmer |
ក |
ខ |
គ |
ឃ |
ង |
ច |
ឆ |
ជ |
ឈ |
ញ |
ដ |
ឋ |
ឌ |
ឍ |
ណ |
ត |
ថ |
Thai |
ก |
ข |
ค |
ฆ |
ง |
จ |
ฉ |
ช |
ฌ |
ญ |
ฏ |
ฐ |
ฑ |
ฒ |
ณ |
ต |
ถ |
Lao |
ກ |
ຂ |
ຄ |
|
ງ |
ຈ |
|
ຊ |
|
ຍ |
|
|
|
|
|
ຕ |
ຖ |
Balinese |
ᬓ |
ᬔ |
ᬕ |
ᬖ |
ᬗ |
ᬘ |
ᬙ |
ᬚ |
ᬛ |
ᬜ |
ᬝ |
ᬞ |
ᬟ |
ᬠ |
ᬡ |
ᬢ |
ᬣ |
Baybayin |
ᜃ |
|
ᜄ |
|
ᜅ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ᜆ |
|
ISO |
d |
dh |
n |
ṉ |
p |
ph |
b |
bh |
m |
y |
r |
ṟ |
l |
ḷ |
ḻ |
v |
ś |
ṣ |
s |
h |
IPA |
d̪ |
d̪ʱ |
n̪ |
n |
p |
pʰ |
b |
bʱ |
m |
j |
r |
ɾ |
l |
ɭ |
ɻ |
ʋ |
ʃ |
ʂ |
s |
ɦ |
Oriya |
ଦ |
ଧ |
ନ |
|
ପ |
ଫ |
ବ |
ଭ |
ମ |
ଯ |
ର |
|
ଲ |
ଳ |
|
ଵ |
ଶ |
ଷ |
ସ |
ହ |
E. Nagari |
দ |
ধ |
ন |
|
প |
ফ |
ব |
ভ |
ম |
য |
র/ৰ |
|
ল |
|
|
ৱ |
শ |
ষ |
স |
হ |
Devanagari |
द |
ध |
न |
ऩ |
प |
फ |
ब |
भ |
म |
य |
र |
ऱ |
ल |
ळ |
ऴ |
व |
श |
ष |
स |
ह |
Gujarati |
દ |
ધ |
ન |
|
પ |
ફ |
બ |
ભ |
મ |
ય |
ર |
|
લ |
ળ |
|
વ |
શ |
ષ |
સ |
હ |
Gurmukhi |
ਦ |
ਧ |
ਨ |
|
ਪ |
ਫ |
ਬ |
ਭ |
ਮ |
ਯ |
ਰ |
|
ਲ |
ਲ਼ |
|
ਵ |
ਸ਼ |
|
ਸ |
ਹ |
Tibetan |
ད |
|
ན |
|
པ |
ཕ |
བ |
|
མ |
ཡ |
ར |
|
ལ |
|
|
ཝ |
ཤ |
ཥ |
ས |
ཧ |
Brahmi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Telugu |
ద |
ధ |
న |
|
ప |
ఫ |
బ |
భ |
మ |
య |
ర |
ఱ |
ల |
ళ |
|
వ |
శ |
ష |
స |
హ |
Kannada |
ದ |
ಧ |
ನ |
|
ಪ |
ಫ |
ಬ |
ಭ |
ಮ |
ಯ |
ರ |
ಱ |
ಲ |
ಳ |
ೞ |
ವ |
ಶ |
ಷ |
ಸ |
ಹ |
Sinhala |
ද |
ධ |
න |
|
ප |
ඵ |
බ |
භ |
ම |
ය |
ර |
|
ල |
ළ |
|
ව |
ශ |
ෂ |
ස |
හ |
Malayalam |
ദ |
ധ |
ന |
|
പ |
ഫ |
ബ |
ഭ |
മ |
യ |
ര |
റ |
ല |
ള |
ഴ |
വ |
ശ |
ഷ |
സ |
ഹ |
Tamil |
|
|
ந |
ன |
ப |
|
|
|
ம |
ய |
ர |
ற |
ல |
ள |
ழ |
வ |
ஶ |
ஷ |
ஸ |
ஹ |
Burmese |
ဒ |
ဓ |
န |
|
ပ |
ဖ |
ဗ |
ဘ |
မ |
ယ |
ရ |
|
လ |
ဠ |
ၔ |
ဝ |
ၐ |
ၑ |
သ |
ဟ |
Khmer |
ទ |
ធ |
ន |
|
ប |
ផ |
ព |
ភ |
ម |
យ |
រ |
|
ល |
ឡ |
|
វ |
ឝ |
ឞ |
ស |
ហ |
Thai |
ท |
ธ |
น |
|
ป |
ผ |
พ |
ภ |
ม |
ย |
ร |
|
ล |
ฬ |
|
ว |
ศ |
ษ |
ส |
ห |
Lao |
ທ |
|
ນ |
|
ປ |
ຜ |
ຟ |
ພ |
ມ |
ຢ |
ຣ |
|
ລ |
|
|
ວ |
|
|
ສ |
ຫ |
Balinese |
ᬤ |
ᬥ |
ᬦ |
|
ᬧ |
ᬨ |
ᬩ |
ᬪ |
ᬫ |
ᬬ |
ᬭ |
|
ᬮ |
|
|
ᬯ |
ᬰ |
ᬱ |
ᬲ |
ᬳ |
Baybayin |
ᜇ |
|
ᜈ |
|
ᜉ |
|
ᜊ |
|
ᜋ |
ᜌ |
ᜇ |
|
ᜎ |
|
|
|
|
|
ᜐ |
ᜑ |
Vowels
Vowels are presented in their independent form on the left of each column,
and in their corresponding dependent form (vowel sign) combined with the
consonant k on the right. A glyph for ka is an independent consonant letter
itself without any vowel sign, where the vowel a is inherent.
ISO |
a |
ā |
æ |
ǣ |
i |
ī |
u |
ū |
e |
ē |
IPA |
ə |
ɑː |
æ |
æː |
i |
iː |
u |
uː |
e |
eː |
Oriya |
ଅ |
କ |
ଆ |
କା |
|
|
|
|
ଇ |
କି |
ଈ |
କୀ |
ଉ |
କୁ |
ଊ |
କୂ |
|
|
ଏ |
କେ |
E. Nagari |
অ |
ক |
আ |
কা |
অ্যা |
ক্যা |
|
|
ই |
কি |
ঈ |
কী |
উ |
কু |
ঊ |
কূ |
|
|
এ |
কে |
Devanagari |
अ |
क |
आ |
का |
अॅ |
कॅ |
ऑ |
कॉ |
इ |
कि |
ई |
की |
उ |
कु |
ऊ |
कू |
ऎ |
कॆ |
ए |
के |
Gujarati |
અ |
ક |
આ |
કા |
|
|
|
|
ઇ |
કિ |
ઈ |
કી |
ઉ |
કુ |
ઊ |
કૂ |
|
|
એ |
કે |
Gurmukhi |
ਅ |
ਕ |
ਆ |
ਕਾ |
|
|
|
|
ਇ |
ਕਿ |
ਈ |
ਕੀ |
ਉ |
ਕੁ |
ਊ |
ਕੂ |
|
|
ਏ |
ਕੇ |
Tibetan |
ཨ |
ཀ |
ཨཱ |
ཀཱ |
|
|
|
|
ཨི |
ཀི |
ཨཱི |
ཀཱི |
ཨུ |
ཀུ |
ཨཱུ |
ཀཱུ |
|
|
ཨེ |
ཀེ |
Brahmi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Telugu |
అ |
క |
ఆ |
కా |
|
|
|
|
ఇ |
కి |
ఈ |
కీ |
ఉ |
కు |
ఊ |
కూ |
ఎ |
కె |
ఏ |
కే |
Kannada |
ಅ |
ಕ |
ಆ |
ಕಾ |
|
|
|
|
ಇ |
ಕಿ |
ಈ |
ಕೀ |
ಉ |
ಕು |
ಊ |
ಕೂ |
ಎ |
ಕೆ |
ಏ |
ಕೇ |
Sinhala |
අ |
ක |
ආ |
කා |
ඇ |
කැ |
ඈ |
කෑ |
ඉ |
කි |
ඊ |
කී |
උ |
කු |
ඌ |
කූ |
එ |
කෙ |
ඒ |
කේ |
Malayalam |
അ |
ക |
ആ |
കാ |
|
|
|
|
ഇ |
കി |
ഈ |
കീ |
ഉ |
കു |
ഊ |
കൂ |
എ |
കെ |
ഏ |
കേ |
Tamil |
அ |
க |
ஆ |
கா |
|
|
|
|
இ |
கி |
ஈ |
கீ |
உ |
கு |
ஊ |
கூ |
எ |
கெ |
ஏ |
கே |
Burmese |
အ |
က |
အာ |
ကာ |
|
|
|
|
ဣ |
ကိ |
ဤ |
ကီ |
ဥ |
ကု |
ဦ |
ကူ |
ဧ |
ကေ |
အေး |
ကေး |
Khmer |
ឣ |
ក |
ឤ |
កា |
|
|
|
|
ឥ |
កិ |
ឦ |
កី |
ឧ |
កុ |
ឩ |
កូ |
|
|
ឯ |
កេ |
Thai |
อะ |
ก |
อา |
กา |
|
|
|
|
อิ |
กิ |
อี |
กี |
อุ |
กุ |
อู |
กู |
|
|
เ |
เก |
Balinese |
ᬅ |
ᬓ |
ᬆ |
ᬓᬵ |
|
|
|
|
ᬇ |
ᬓᬶ |
ᬈ |
ᬓᬷ |
ᬉ |
ᬓᬸ |
ᬊ |
ᬓᬹ |
|
|
ᬏ |
ᬓᬾ |
Baybayin |
ᜀ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ᜁ |
ᜃᜒ |
|
|
ᜂ |
ᜃᜓ |
|
|
ᜁ |
ᜃᜒ |
|
|
ISO |
ai |
o |
ō |
au |
r̥ |
r̥̄ |
l̥ |
l̥̄ |
IPA |
əi |
o |
oː |
əu |
r̩ |
r̩ː |
l̩ |
l̩ː |
Oriya |
ଐ |
କୈ |
|
|
ଓ |
କୋ |
ଔ |
କୌ |
ଋ |
କୃ |
ୠ |
କୄ |
ଌ |
କୢ |
ୡ |
କୣ |
E. Nagari |
ঐ |
কৈ |
|
|
ও |
কো |
ঔ |
কৌ |
ঋ |
কৃ |
ৠ |
কৄ |
ঌ |
কৢ |
ৡ |
কৣ |
Devanagari |
ऐ |
कै |
ऒ |
कॊ |
ओ |
को |
औ |
कौ |
ऋ |
कृ |
ॠ |
कॄ |
ऌ |
कॢ |
ॡ |
कॣ |
Gujarati |
ઐ |
કૈ |
|
|
ઓ |
કો |
ઔ |
કૌ |
ઋ |
કૃ |
ૠ |
કૄ |
ઌ |
કૢ |
ૡ |
કૣ |
Gurmukhi |
ਐ |
ਕੈ |
|
|
ਓ |
ਕੋ |
ਔ |
ਕੌ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tibetan |
ཨཻ |
ཀཻ |
|
|
ཨོ |
ཀོ |
ཨཽ |
ཀཽ |
རྀ |
ཀྲྀ |
རཱྀ |
ཀཷ |
ལྀ |
ཀླྀ |
ལཱྀ |
ཀླཱྀ |
Brahmi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Telugu |
ఐ |
కై |
ఒ |
కొ |
ఓ |
కో |
ఔ |
కౌ |
ఋ |
కృ |
ౠ |
కౄ |
ఌ |
కౢ |
ౡ |
కౣ |
Kannada |
ಐ |
ಕೈ |
ಒ |
ಕೊ |
ಓ |
ಕೋ |
ಔ |
ಕೌ |
ಋ |
ಕೃ |
ೠ |
ಕೄ |
ಌ |
ಕೢ |
ೡ |
ಕೣ |
Sinhala |
ඓ |
කෛ |
ඔ |
කො |
ඕ |
කෝ |
ඖ |
කෞ |
ඍ |
කෘ |
ඎ |
කෲ |
ඏ |
කෟ |
ඐ |
කෳ |
Malayalam |
ഐ |
കൈ |
ഒ |
കൊ |
ഓ |
കോ |
ഔ |
കൗ |
ഋ |
കൃ |
ൠ |
കൄ |
ഌ |
കൢ |
ൡ |
കൣ |
Tamil |
ஐ |
கை |
ஒ |
கொ |
ஓ |
கோ |
ஔ |
கௌ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Burmese |
|
|
ဩ |
ကော |
|
|
ဪ |
ကော် |
ၒ |
ကၖ |
ၓ |
ကၗ |
ၔ |
ကၘ |
ၕ |
ကၙ |
Khmer |
ឰ |
កៃ |
|
|
ឱ |
កោ |
ឳ |
កៅ |
ឫ |
ក្ឫ |
ឬ |
ក្ឬ |
ឭ |
ក្ឭ |
ឮ |
ក្ឮ |
Thai |
อาย |
กาย |
|
|
โอ |
โก |
อาว |
กาว |
อฤ |
กฤ |
อฤๅ |
กฤๅ |
อฦ |
กฦ |
อฦๅ |
กฦๅ |
Balinese |
ᬐ |
ᬓᬿ |
|
|
ᬑ |
ᬓᭀ |
ᬒ |
ᬓᭁ |
ᬋ |
ᬓᬺ |
ᬌ |
ᬓᬻ |
ᬍ |
ᬓᬼ |
ᬎ |
ᬓᬽ |
Baybayin |
|
|
ᜂ |
ᜃᜓ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Note: Glyphs for r̥̄, l̥, l̥̄ and a few other glyphs are
obsolete or very rarely used.
Numerals
|
0 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
Oriya |
୦ |
୧ |
୨ |
୩ |
୪ |
୫ |
୬ |
୭ |
୮ |
୯ |
E. Nagari |
০ |
১ |
২ |
৩ |
৪ |
৫ |
৬ |
৭ |
৮ |
৯ |
Devanagari |
० |
१ |
२ |
३ |
४ |
५ |
६ |
७ |
८ |
९ |
Gujarati |
૦ |
૧ |
૨ |
૩ |
૪ |
૫ |
૬ |
૭ |
૮ |
૯ |
Gurmukhi |
੦ |
੧ |
੨ |
੩ |
੪ |
੫ |
੬ |
੭ |
੮ |
੯ |
Tibetan |
༠ |
༡ |
༢ |
༣ |
༤ |
༥ |
༦ |
༧ |
༨ |
༩ |
Brahmi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Telugu |
౦ |
౧ |
౨ |
౩ |
౪ |
౫ |
౬ |
౭ |
౮ |
౯ |
Kannada |
೦ |
೧ |
೨ |
೩ |
೪ |
೫ |
೬ |
೭ |
೮ |
೯ |
Malayalam |
൦ |
൧ |
൨ |
൩ |
൪ |
൫ |
൬ |
൭ |
൮ |
൯ |
Tamil |
೦ |
௧ |
௨ |
௩ |
௪ |
௫ |
௬ |
௭ |
௮ |
௯ |
Burmese |
၀ |
၁ |
၂ |
၃ |
၄ |
၅ |
၆ |
၇ |
၈ |
၉ |
Khmer |
០ |
១ |
២ |
៣ |
៤ |
៥ |
៦ |
៧ |
៨ |
៩ |
Thai |
๐ |
๑ |
๒ |
๓ |
๔ |
๕ |
๖ |
๗ |
๘ |
๙ |
Lao |
໐ |
໑ |
໒ |
໓ |
໔ |
໕ |
໖ |
໗ |
໘ |
໙ |
Balinese |
᭐ |
᭑ |
᭒ |
᭓ |
᭔ |
᭕ |
᭖ |
᭗ |
᭘ |
᭙ |
Javanese |
꧐ |
꧑ |
꧒ |
꧓ |
꧔ |
꧕ |
꧖ |
꧗ |
꧘ |
꧙ |
List of Brahmic scripts
Scripts derived from Brahmi.
Historical
The Brahmi script was already divided into regional variants at the time
of the earliest surviving epigraphy around the 3rd century BCE. Cursives
of the Brahmi script began to diversify further from around the 5th century
CE and continued to give rise to new scripts throughout the Middle Ages.
The main division in antiquity was between northern and southern Brahmi.
In the northern group, the Gupta script was very influential, and in the
southern group the Grantha and Old-Kannada Scripts with the spread of
Hinduism spread Brahmic scripts throughout Southeast Asia.
- Northern Brahmic
- Anga Lipi, 6th century BCE
- Gupta script, 5th century
- Sharada, 8th century
- Siddham, 7th century
- Nagari, 8th century
- Eastern Nagari, 11th century
- Devanagari, 13th century
- Kaithi, Sylheti Nagari, 16th century
- Modi, 17th century
- Nepal
- Bhujimol, 6th century
- Ranjana, 12th century
- Prachalit
- Mithilakshar, 15th century
- Southern Brahmi (Tamil Brahmi, Kalinga, Bhattiprolu), 5th century
BCE
- Proto Kannada, 3rd century BCE
- Kadamba or Pre-Old-Kannada, 5th century
- Vatte- luttu
- Grantha, 6th century
- Dhives Akuru
- Kawi script, 8th century
- Tocharian script ("Slanting Brahmi"), 7th century
- Ahom, 13th century
- Tai Tham (Lanna), 14th century
- Meeitei Mayek
Contemporary
script |
deriva- tion |
period of deriva- tion |
usage notes |
ISO 15924 |
Unicode range |
sample |
Anga Lipi |
Brahmi |
6th century BCE |
Angika |
|
U+0900–U+097F |
देवनागरी |
Baline- se |
Old Kawi |
11th century |
Balinese language |
Bali |
U+1B00–U+1B7F |
|
Bayba- yin |
Old Kawi |
14th century |
Tagalog, other Philippine languages |
Tglg |
U+1700–U+171F |
ᜆᜄᜎᜓᜄ᜔ |
Buhid |
Old Kawi |
14th century |
Buhid language |
Buhd |
U+1740–U+175F |
ᝊᝓᝑᝒ |
Burm- ese |
Vatte- luttu |
11th century |
Burmese language, numerous modifications for other languages including
Chakma, Eastern and Western Pwo Karen, Geba Karen, Kayah, Mon, Rumai
Palaung, S'gaw Karen, Shan |
Mymr |
U+1000–U+109F |
မြန်မာအက္ခရာ |
Cham |
Vatte- luttu |
8th century |
Cham language |
Cham |
U+AA00–U+AA5F |
|
Devana- gari |
Nagari |
13th century |
Numerous Indo-Aryan languages, including Sanskrit, Hindi, Marathi,
Nepali, Bhili, Konkani, Angika, Bhojpuri, Magahi, Maithili, Kurukh,
Nepal Bhasa and sometimes Sindhi and Kashmiri. Formerly used to write
Gujarati. Sometimes used to write or transliterate Sherpa |
Deva |
U+0900–U+097F |
देवनागरी |
Eastern Nagari |
Nagari |
11th century |
Bengali language (Bengali script variant), Assamese language (Assamese
script variant) |
Beng |
U+0980–U+09FF |
বাংলা লিপি |
Guja- rati |
Nagari |
17th century |
Gujarati language, Kutchi language |
Gujr |
U+0A80–U+0AFF |
ગુજરાતી લિપિ |
Gurmu- khi |
Sharada |
16th century |
Punjabi language |
Guru |
U+0A00–U+0A7F |
ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ |
Hanu- nó'o |
Old Kawi |
14th century |
Hanuno'o language |
Hano |
U+1720–U+173F |
|
Java- nese |
Old Kawi |
16th century |
Javanese language |
Java |
U+A980–U+A9DF |
|
Kanna- da |
Kada- mba |
12th century |
Kannada language, others |
Knda |
U+0C80–U+0CFF |
ಕನ್ನಡ ಅಕ್ಷರಮಾಲೆ |
Khmer |
Vatte- luttu |
11th century |
Khmer language |
Khmr |
U+1780–U+17FF, U+19E0–U+19FF |
អក្សរខ្មែរ |
Lao |
Khmer |
14th century |
Lao language, others |
Laoo |
U+0E80–U+0EFF |
ອັກສອນລາວ |
Lepcha |
Tibe- tan |
18th century |
Lepcha language |
Lepc |
U+1C00–U+1C4F |
|
Limbu |
Lepcha |
18th century |
Limbu language |
Limb |
U+1900–U+194F |
|
Lontara |
Old Kawi |
17th century |
Buginese language, others; mostly extinct, restricted to ceremonial
use |
Bugi |
U+1A00–U+1A1F |
|
Malaya- lam |
Grantha |
12th century |
Malayalam language, Konkani language |
Mlym |
U+0D00–U+0D7F |
മലയാളലിപി |
Oriya |
Kalinga |
12th century |
Oriya language |
Orya |
U+0B00–U+0B7F |
ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଲିପି |
Rejang script |
Old Kawi |
18th century |
Rejang language, mostly obsolete |
Rjng |
U+A930–U+A95F |
|
Saura- shtra |
Grantha |
20th century |
Saurashtra language, mostly obsolete |
Saur |
U+A880–U+A8DF |
|
Sinhala |
Grantha |
12th century |
Sinhala language |
Sinh |
U+0D80–U+0DFF |
ශුද්ධ සිංහල |
Sunda- nese script |
Old Kawi |
14th century |
Sundanese language |
Sund |
U+1B80–U+1BBF |
|
Tai Le |
|
|
Tai Lü language |
Tale |
U+1950–U+197F |
|
New Tai Lue |
Tai Tham |
1950s |
Tai Lü language |
Talu |
U+1980-U+19DF |
|
Tagba- nwa |
Old Kawi |
14th century |
Palawan, nearly extinct |
Tagb |
U+1760–U+177F |
|
Tamil |
Vatte- luttu |
8th century |
Tamil language |
Taml |
U+0B80–U+0BFF |
தமிழ் அரிச்சுவடி |
Telugu |
Old Kanna- da |
13th century |
Telugu language |
Telu |
U+0C01–U+0C6F |
తెలుగు లిపి |
Thai |
Khmer |
13th century |
Thai language |
Thai |
U+0E00–U+0E7F |
อักษรไทย |
Tibe- tan |
Sidd- ham |
8th century |
Tibetan language, Dzongkha language, Ladakhi language |
Tibt |
U+0F00–U+0FFF |
དབུ་ཅན་ |
Tai Viet |
|
|
Tai Dam language |
Tavt |
U+AA80–U+AADF |
|
Graphical Timeline
* Here Proto-Indic, Proto-Dravida,Proto-KanTel are hypothetical
scripts used to bridge the gap between Indus and Brahmi scripts and is
used for continuity only.
* Proto-KanTel is used as generic to mean common Kannada
and Telugu oldscripts. Kannada and Telugu scripts deviated from Old-Kannada
around (12.c-13.c)CE.
* The Graph shows the timeline of the respective scripts
and not necessarily their decendancy.
Published - March 2011
Text is available under the Creative
Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply.
See Terms
of Use for details.
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