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The expanded system of the coordinated dictionaries and its using for universal semantic coding and translation of the polysemous source text (Appendices)
Universal semantic coding (continuation) Universal semantic coding (Appendices) Читайте также версию на русском языке (Appendices) (examples of coding and translation, fragments of coordinated dictionary entries) App. 1. The phrases containing the polysemantic words. App. 2. The phrases containing the polysemantic set expressions and the set expressions characterized by the structural formula with variable lexical components. App. 3. The coding and translation with using the differentiated (morphological) meanings of the verbal forms. App. 4. The coding and translation with using the differentiated (morphological) meanings of pronouns.
Fragments of the coordinated dictionary entries contain a following designation symbols: c.e.d. – the coordinated explanatory dictionary of source language; c.b.d. - the coordinated bilingual dictionary of source language – target language; ill.e. - the illustrative examples reflecting the different use of the words at those or other semantic meanings; c.w. - contextual word; c.w.* - the concrete contextual word which the author should mark in the source text (in cases concerning the identification of syntactic links); morphm - the sections of differentiated (morphological) meanings; (syntaxm) - the sections of differentiated (syntactic) meanings. The some examples contain both the machine translations based on universal semantic coding (are designated by symbol ♦) and, for comparison, the usual machine translations (are designated by symbol ♦♦). For brevity, the variants of semantic meanings are separated from each other by a symbol /.
App.1. The phrases containing the polysemantic words. Examples
with the Russian’s source texts (the fragments of dictionary entries from native c.e.d. [5] and from the c.b.d.(s)
[8,10,13]).
In a context the matter concerns the appearance of person; the author marks: - in entry of word вид I – the meaning 2 concerning appearance, - in entry of pronoun он, его, ему … - the meaning (morphm) (а) concerning person, - at last, in entry of verb оставлять – the set expression оставляет желать лучшего. As a result, the following coded text and its machine translation is received:
For comparison: the usual program of MT does not give the definite translation of a pronoun его, and also uses the meaning of a homonym вид II which is not concerning appearance. 2. The source texts: Суд оправдал его. Их ожидания успешного старта не оправдались.
The author marks: - in entry of verb оправд|ывать - the meaning 2 concerning accused, - in entry of pronoun он - the meaning (morphm) (а) concerning person, - at last, in entry of verb оправд|ываться - the meaning 2 concerning reality and ill.e. … эти надежды не ~ ались. As a result, the following coded sentences are received:
For comparison: - the usual program of MT uses while translating the second sentence the other meaning of word оправд|ывать not corresponding to the sense of context; - as well as in the previous example, the usual program of MT does not give the definite translation of a pronoun он, его ... Examples
with the English’s source texts (the fragments of dictionary entries from native c.e.d.(s) [6,7] and from the c.b.d.(s) [8,13,15]).
The author marks depending on context the different meanings of word notice and the one of meanings of word realize:
For comparison: the usual program of MT chooses only the first meaning, without taking into account a sense of a context. 2. The source text: This article places primary emphasis upon physical conditions.
The author marks: - ill.e. characterizing the using of word article with the meaning 2, - the word-combination place emphasis on, - the likely meanings of words primary, condition (the word primary is wedged in the word-combination place emphasis on and doesn’t influence the allegorical meaning of a word-combination, but does impossible a machine search):
As we see, the usual program of MT executed the word-by-word translation. 3. The source text: The detection of trace components has always been a challenge to the analytical chemist.
The author marks depending on context the one of meanings of word challenge:
Examples with the Deutsch’s source text The source text: Auf die Frage sei hier nicht eingegangen.
Having compared the source text with the dictionary entry in the Deutsch’s c.e.d., the author has marked the structural formula of word-combination auf j-n nicht e. and has marked the appropriate ill.e. of this word-combination; in other case, the author has marked the structural formula of word-combination auf etw. e.; also author has marked the meaning (imperf-v) in the section (morphm):
As we see, the usual program of MT executed the word-by-word translation. Examples with the Hebrew’s source texts (the fragments of dictionary entries from native c.e.d. [11**] and from the c.b.d.(s) [11, 11***])
The author marks in the native c.e.d. those or other meanings of words depending on a context. For brevity, the different phrases are separated from each other by a symbol //. 1. The source phrases containing the noun מִבטֶא:
2. The source phrases containing the noun מִבטָח:
3. The source phrase containing the noun מִבנֶה:
App. 2. Examples of coding and translation of the phrases containing the polysemantic set expressions and the set expressions characterized by the structural formula with variable lexical components. It may, the given word, together with its some neighbouring words, represents a set expression. In order to translate such word-combination it is necessary to search the known word-combinations related to the given word. It is also possible that there is the structure with variable lexical components, which, although do not influence the allegorical meaning of a set expression, but complicate or do impossible a machine search. For example: - some attributes or adverbial modifiers may have been wedged into the set expression, giving it a more specific meaning as a whole, - or parenthetical words may have been added, - variable components may have been added at the beginning or at the end of the set expression, - those either other own words or their sequence have been changed, etc. [4] In this connection, it is necessary to define which words belong to the set expression, to find the borders inside the phrase, to define the key word and, at last, to choose the meaning corresponding to the context. The author should also mark in the source text by special (bold) font the given word and other words which are a part of the word-combination (except for the wedged words), and, besides, author should designate by means of special boundary symbols the left and right bounds of the word-combination in the given sentence (for example, by angular brackets). The polysemantic set expressions and them explanations are borrowed from [4]. 1. The source phrases: This construction can give way. My brother has heard this news and began to give way. If it is in reality a heart attack, his good mood can give way.
The author has marked in the native English c.e.d. the set expression give way and has marked the following elements of dictionary entry: - in the first sentence the matter concerns a state of construction, therefore author has marked the ill.e. The bridge gave ~ under the weight of the lorry; - in the second - a state of spirit of the person, therefore author has marked the meaning … give ~ make concessions; - at last, in the third - a state of health of the person, therefore author has marked the ill.e. His health gave ~ As a result, the following coded text and its machine translation is received:
From comparison follows, that the usual program of MT has executed the
word-by-word translation of the all sentences. He has caught a bus already on the run.
The author has marked the set expression on the run and has marked the following elements of dictionary entry: - in the first sentence the matter concerns a movement of the person, therefore author has marked the ill.e. … on the ~ (b): She grabbed …; - in the second - a movement of a vehicle, therefore author has marked the ill.e. … on the ~ (b): They… caught a streetcar… As a result, the following coded text and its machine translation is received:
As we see, the result is similar to the previous example. The following three examples concern the set expressions characterized by the structural formula with variable lexical components. 3. The source text: … sometimes I am inclined to think it was a great deal of cry for very little wool.
The author has found in the dictionary entry cry n the idiom much cry and little wool; there are the deep differences between idiom and the source phrase both in lexical components and in word order (there are the wedging of other words). Then, the author has marked in the source phrase the words coincident with this idiom on sense:
From comparison follows, that the usual program of MT hasn’t defined, that the some words in the given phrase belong to this word-combination, and has only executed word-by-word translation. 4. The source text: They reached it at what seemed long last.
The author has found in the dictionary entry last n the word-combination at (long) last, in word order of which there are the other words “what seemed”. Then, the author has marked in the source phrase the words coincident with this word-combination:
As we see, the result is similar to the previous example. 5. The source text: There is something suspicious about it - where there is so much smoke, surely there must have been at least one spark of fire! (U. Sinclair, “The Brass Check”) [4].
The author has found in the dictionary entry smoke n the word-combination there’s no ~ without fire [6]; there are also the deep differences between idiom and the source phrase both in lexical components and in word order (there are the wedging of other words). Then, the author has marked in the source phrase the words coincident with this idiom on sense:
As we see, the result is similar to the previous examples. The all examples presented above have shown, that the usual program of MT may choose only one meaning of a polysemantic set expression; if the structural formula of an idiom has variable lexical components, the usual program carries out word-by-word translation. App. 3. Examples of coding and translation with using the differentiated (morphological) meanings of the verbal forms. Below are the examples of phrases in which the actions and /or the states, reached as a result of the actions, are expressed by words or group of words possessing a grammatical (morphological) ambiguity, for example, concerning the expressing of actions of Imperfective / of Perfective or concerning the expressing of actions which, in certain way, are finished / are continued etc. (i.e. it is possible to judge the character of the action and / or the state only from context). At the same time, the specific grammatical forms of some verbs (participles) are used in the target language to express the shades of the meanings of the actions and / or the states required by the source context. The author chooses, depending on a context, both a semantic meaning of a verb and a differentiated (morphological) meaning. The specified differentiated (morphological) meanings are presented in dictionary entry in the form of the separate section that follows those semantic word meanings to which this section is general. These sections have a symbolic designation (morphm) (an abbreviation of morphological meanings). The Tables A, B contain, as a sample, fragments of the coordinated entries with some grammatical meanings of verbs write and писать; the references to these tables are in all examples. Table A
Table B
1) The phrases containing some grammatically ambiguous verbal forms in Active / Passive Voice, and also in Infinitive. a) the meanings of verbal form in English (Table A); a verb, not having special grammatical forms of the imperfective or the perfective, expresses, in context, an action of imperfective or of perfective; this should be considered during translation, for example, into Russian, in which verbs have separate imperfective and perfective forms. In the Passive Voice:
The author has marked in the dictionary entry the meaning (imperf-ve) or (perf-ve) to characterize the actions in the beginning of the sentence, depending on character of state in the end of the sentence. As we see, the sense may be defined by means of comparison the states of house and garage at the moment of returning: “… and the garage won’t be ready” (i.e. the house also won’t be ready) “… but the garage won’t be ready” (i.e. only the garage won’t be ready). The meanings (imperf-ve), (perf-ve) directly specify the actions or states in the future. The usual program of MT uses only one of verbal forms. In Infinitive: - in English [6,7,8]
- in Deutsch:
The all examples presented above have shown that the usual program of MT gives one of variants of translation into Russian, without taking into account a general sense of context. The choice of some semantic meanings was carried out on the basis of following entries:
2) The phrases containing some grammatically ambiguous verbal forms in Subjunctive Mood. a) the conditional sentences in Russian in Subjunctive Mood with the particle “бы” (Table B); a verb, not having special grammatical forms, expresses, in context, an unlikely or improbable action in Present-Future or in Past (possibly the time is pointed in a sentence previous to or subsequent to the present one or in one of neighbouring sentences); this should be considered during translation, for example, into English, in which verbs have separate forms.
The author has marked in the dictionary entry one of the meanings to characterize the actions in the conditional sentences, depending on the time of performance of a condition in the next sentence, namely: - “… я не увижу…” (in Future), author has marked meaning 3.(a) - “… я не увидел…” (in Past), author has marked meaning 3.(b). As we see, the usual program of MT does not consider time of performance of a condition and uses only one of verbal forms. b) the sentences in English: a combination of the verb "should" with Indefinite Infinitive or with Perfect Infinitive may carry out, depending on general sense of text, both function of Indicative Mood and function of Subjunctive Mood ([12], стр. 214-216, § 131), see Table A, the meanings (morphm) 3. should+Indef. Inf., Perf. Inf. (a), (b):
The author has marked in the dictionary entry one of the meanings depending on general sense of text: (morphm) 3.(a) (indicative) – the action in form of Indicative Mood or (b) (subjunctive) - the action in form of Subjunctive Mood. App.4. Examples of coding and translation with using the differentiated (morphological) meanings of pronouns. Below are the examples of phrases in which are pronouns possessing a grammatical (morphological) ambiguity, namely, the personal and reflexive pronouns have no separate forms to denote the person of masculine or feminine gender / the person or a group of persons / a group of persons of masculine or feminine gender / the person or an inanimate object, and also possessive pronouns have no separate forms to indicate the gender and / or grammatical number of the belonging object, or the separate forms specifying a gender of the person to which it belongs (i.e. when the meaning depends on who or what is being described in context); at the same time those or other target languages can have the pronouns (and / or words, contextually associated with them) which have the concrete grammatical forms to express above mentioned attributes, etc. (i.e. it is possible to judge in the source text the meaning of the some pronouns only from context). As well as above, the author chooses, depending on a context, both a semantic meaning of a pronoun and a differentiated (morphological) meaning. The author may mark the meaning corresponding to a gender and/or a number, a person or an inanimate object, etc., etc.; in case it is necessary to identify the pronoun, author also should mark in the source text the concrete contextual word (c.w.) which replace this pronoun. The some pronouns in Russian. 1) The polysemy of pronoun себя (see Table) [12]. This reflexive pronoun has many meanings, which, for example, in English correspond to: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves, oneself. a) The source text (Russian): Он сказал мне, что следует злиться не столько на других, сколько на себя. (this complex sentence have no subject in subordinate clause; as a whole, this complex sentence may express the different sources of action; it is necessary to take into account, choosing one of the meanings of reflexive pronoun себя) The author marks in section (morphm) the different meanings depending on general sense: - the source of action is Он: (a) он, его, ему…; - …”… is мне (male): (a) я, меня, мне…; - …”… is an indefinite person: (f). As a result, the following variants of coded texts and their machine translations into English are received:
As we see, the subprogram has transformed the sentence depending on concrete meaning of reflexive pronoun, namely, added to the subordinate clause the formal subject: he … himself / I … myself / one … oneself. The usual program MT uses only neutral form of subject and reflexive pronoun – it … itself. b) The source text (Russian): Вы рассказываете нам о спутниках и мало о себе. (this sentence may also express the different sources of action; it is also necessary to take into account, choosing one of the meanings of reflexive pronoun себя) The author marks in section (morphm) the different meanings depending on general sense: - the source of action is Вы (people): (a) вы, вас… - …”… is Вы (people, female): (b) вы, вас… - …”… is Вы (person, male, politely): (c) Вы, Вас… - …”… is Вы (person, female, politely): (d) Вы, Вас… As a result, the following variants of coded texts and their machine translations into English are received:
In contrast to English, Hebrew has the separate forms of pronouns of masculine / feminine gender for first, second, third person in singular / plural number and has also the separate forms of verbs connected with pronouns [11, 11*]; therefore the last phrase has separate forms of translations into Hebrew (it is possible to tell, more differentiated forms):
The all examples presented above have shown, that the usual program of MT can incorrectly estimate with what source of action the reflexive pronoun is connected.
2) The polysemy of pronoun он. The pronoun он, его … can point at both person and inanimate object; it is necessary to take into account, translating into English, which has two separate forms … he; it:
The source text (Russian): … она пыталась погасить пламя и не дать ему пострадать. (in one case it is a question of the child, and in other - about the house) The author has marked in an entry the meaning corresponding to sense of a context:
The usual program MT uses only neutral meaning of pronoun он. 3) The polysemy of pronoun твой, ваш. The pronouns твой, ваш can express belonging both to person of masculine gender (to group of person) and to person of feminine gender (to group of person of feminine gender). In contrast to Russian, Hebrew has two separate forms of possessive pronoun depending on gender to whom a belonging is expressed …שֶלָכֵם / שֶלָכֵן / שֶלָךְ / שֶלךָ:
The source text (Russian): Она говорит ему - это не твоё дело. Он говорит ей - это не твоё дело. The encoded text and its translation into Hebrew:
The usual program MT uses only first meaning of pronoun твой. The some pronouns in English [6,7]. 1) The polysemy of pronoun I. The personal pronoun I can replace the person of masculine / feminine gender. The source text: When she/ he asked me to marry her/ him I said yes. I believe her/ him. The encoded text and its translation into Hebrew: The encoded text and its translation into Russian and Hebrew:
As we see, in Russian - the gender of the one who speaks has influence on the form of verb in past tense; in contrast to Russian, in Hebrew - has influence on the form of verb in the present tense. 2) The polysemy of pronoun you. The source text: You said you knew the way. The author marks the different meanings depending on general sense:
As we see, the gender and number of person or people being addressed are reflected in Hebrew in four separate forms of a pronoun and in different forms of a verb.
References. 4. Кунин А.В. Англо-русский фразеологический словарь // Советская энциклопедия, М.:1967. С. 1233 – 1264. 5. Большой толковый словарь русского языка // Норинт, С.-Петербург:2000. 6. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of current English // Oxford University Press:1989. 7. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of current English // Clarendon Press Oxford:1995. 8. Oxford Russian Dictionary, Russian-English, English-Russian // Oxford University Press: 2000. 9. Рымашевская Э.Л., Немецко-русский и русско-немецкий словарь // Русский язык, М.:1990. 9* Langenscheidts Taschenwörterbuch Russisch (Russisch - Deutsch, Deutsch – Russisch), Langenscheidt. 10. Смирницкий А.И. и др., Большой русско-английский словарь// Русский язык, М.:2002. 11. Русско – Ивритский словарь под редакцией Подольского Б. // Русский язык, М.:1992. 11*. Склонение предлогов и др. частей речи с помощью местоименных суффиксов // Дфус Эфи, Т.-А.:1992 11**. The Concise Sapphire Dictionary. Editor in Chief: Eitan Avneyon //Israel: 1997 11***. The Сomplete Hebrew – English Dictionary by Reuben Alcalay // Massada Publishing Co. Ramat-Gan-Jerusalem 12. Качалова К.Н., Израилевич Е.Е. Практическая грамматика английского языка // М.:1999.С.72-76, 113-162, 166-184, 214-216, § 131, 279-287, 439-445 13. Циммерман М., Веденеева К. Русско – английский научно – технический словарь переводчика // Наука, М.: 1999. С.50, 340,509 14. Langenscheidts Großwärterbuch Deutsch als Fremdsprache //Neubearbeitung, 1998. 15. Мюллер В.К., Англо – русский словарь. // Золотой век, Диамант, С.-П.:2000 Published - July 2008 See also: "Experience of preliminary identification and translation of the text's fragments with use of the system of coordinated dictionaries" by Panich Iuli
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