Articles for Translators
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German Language and Nation - a Brief History
German is a member of the western branch of the Germanic
family of languages, which in turn is part of the Indo-European
language family.
There are 90 -120 million native German speakers around the world
and, according to Guinness book of world records, most translations
performed in the world are into and from German. 32% of the EU-15
countries say they can converse in it...
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the full article...
Thai Translation
What are some pitfalls to avoid, specific to Thai, a client should
be aware of when translating into this language? In Thai: The passive
voice is only used in a negative sense.
For example…
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the full article…
Turkish
Turkish grammar is monstrously complicated. In comparison, English
grammar is a piece of cake. Native Turkish speakers may be verbally
gifted, but not every native speaker can or should be a translator.
It is imperative to find a qualified translator who is trained in
language and writing skills…
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the full article…
Canadian French
What are some pitfalls specific to Canadian French a client should
be aware of when translating into this language? French tends to
be "wordier" than English. So the client can expect that a text
will be longer in French than it was in English…
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the full article…
In Love with Words
I have often wondered if there are other people like me that sensually
enjoy the single word, enjoy it like a pastry. I have been a translator
for 40 years (subtitling for Swedish Television and doing literary
translation) so I have had an ongoing love affair with words for
many years now…
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the full article…
The Serbo-Croatian Language(s) Today
It has been stated that the difference between a language and a
dialect can often be the matter of whether the language in question
has an army or navy. While most linguists would cite numerous additional
differences, all over the world are found ample examples of languages
that intermingle with one and another and where the certainty of
names and qualities are murky at best…
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the full article…
Finnish
Perhaps the most important pitfall the client should be aware of
when translating a text into Finnish is this: the structure and
the vocabulary in Finnish are different from the Indo-European languages.
Many people do not even realize the structure is so much different.
Finnish is not an Indo-European language but a Finno-Ugric language…
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the full article…
Sanskrit vs. European languages: The tie that
binds east and west
Anyone who has studied languages knows that different languages
can be surprisingly similar. For example, Spanish and Italian look
very much alike on paper-if you know one of the languages, you can
almost intuit the meaning of a sentence written in the other language…
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the full article…
The Irish Language
Long ago, Irish was spoken all across Ireland, and was even used
as a literary language in parts of Scotland. Today, the language
has diminished. It is commonly used in daily life in only a small
portion of Ireland itself, a collection of counties known as the
Gaeltachtaí…
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the full article…
The Italian Language
From a linguistic viewpoint Italian belongs to the group of Romance
or Neo-latin languages, together which includes French, Spanish,
Portuguese and Romanian. It is spoken mainly in Italy, but it is
also one of the four official languages in Switzerland, in the Ticino
and Grigioni Cantons, also known as Italian Switzerland…
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the full article…
Korean
Korean is the official language of North Korea and South Korea.
It is also one of the two official languages in the Yanbian Korean
Autonomous Prefecture in China. There are about 78 million Korean
speakers…
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the full article…
Sign language
A sign language (also signed language) is a language which, instead
of acoustically conveyed sound patterns, uses visually transmitted
sign patterns (manual communication, body language and lip patterns)
to convey meaning-simultaneously combining hand shapes, orientation
and movement of the hands, arms or body, and facial expressions
to express fluidly a speaker's thoughts…
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the full article…
Dutch
The first question a client should ask is "Who is my target audience?"
There is Dutch for the Netherlands and Dutch for Belgium. Basically,
the language is one and the same. We use the same dictionaries and
grammar books, which cannot be said of American English and British
English, for example. So a Flemish translator - Flemish refers to
the people NOT the language - can translate for the entire Dutch-speaking
community and vice versa…
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the full article…
The Hindi Language
When clients send documents over for translation, there are some
translators who charge by the target word. Hindi expands to about
1.5 times the English in which case the client is stuck with having
to pay much more than what was anticipated…
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the full article…
Japanese
What are some pitfalls specific to Japanese to avoid that a client
should be aware of when translating into this language?…
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the full article…
The Spanish Language
After Mandarin Chinese, what do you think is the
language with the world’s second-largest number of native speakers?
If you guessed English, you’re wrong. English only takes
the second-prize if you count the number of people who learned it
as a second language…
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the full article…
Nordic Languages
The Danish, Swedish, Norwegian and Icelandic languages
are collectively known as the Nordic languages. Since they are all
descended from Old Norse, these languages have a lot in common…
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the full article…
Languages in New Guinea
Which country has the highest number of different
languages within its borders? Surprisingly, the answer is not China,
India or any other large country. Tiny Papua New Guinea is all of
462,840 square kilometres in size, about as big as the state of
California…
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the full article…
Occidental language
The language Occidental, later Interlingue, is a
planned language created by the Baltogerman naval officer and teacher
Edgar de Wahl and published in 1922…
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the full article…
The Basque Language
The Basque language, Euskera, is spoken by about
a quarter of the people who live in the ancestral Basque region.
Often derided by French and Spanish speakers as “incomprehensible,”
the Basque language lives on nonetheless, and it is spoken fluently
by just over 1 million people…
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the full article…
The Hawaiian Language
When the Americans annexed Hawaii in 1898, English
became the official language of the Hawaiian Islands. Unfortunately,
the beautiful native Hawaiian language had been threatened since
American and European businessmen developed an interest in the islands
in the early 19th century…
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the full article…
Swedish Translation
A translator translating from English to Swedish
should be careful to use the right prepositions in Swedish. Typically,
prepositions are among the hardest things to get right for non-native
speakers, which is why it is important that only translators with
Swedish as their native tongue should translate into Swedish…
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the full article…
Future of English Language (Joke)
The European Commission has just announced an agreement
whereby English will be the official language of the European Union
rather than German, which was the other
possibility. As part of the negotiations, Her Majesty's Government
conceded that English spelling had some room for improvement and
has accepted a 5-year phase-in plan that would be known as "Euro-English"…
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the full article…
The Cherokee Language
In parts of the United States today, including Tennessee,
North Carolina, and Oklahoma, road signs are marked with unfamiliar
symbols that don't correspond to English letters. Passing through
these areas, you may wonder what the symbols mean…
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the full article…
Russian
What are some pitfalls specific to Russian to avoid
that a client should be aware of when translating into this language?…
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the full article…
Tagalog: the Language of the Phillipines
The greatest pitfall with English-Tagalog translations
involves the mistaken notion entertained by many clients that there
is a Tagalog term for every English word or concept. Some clients
may even insist that a Tagalog translation contain only "pure
Tagalog" words…
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the full article…
Why English is so hard to learn
If you ever feel stupid, then just read on. If you’ve
learned to speak fluent English, you must be a genius! This little
treatise on the lovely language I share is only for the brave. Peruse
at your leisure, English lovers…
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the full article…
"I love you" in various languages
Afrikaans - Ek het jou lief
Afrikaans - Ek is lief vir jou
Albanian - te dua
Albanian - te dashuroj
Alentejano (Portugal) - Gosto De Ti, Porra!…
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the full article…
Translation Into French for France
What are some pitfalls specific to French to avoid
that a client should be aware of when translating into this language?
A client willing to translate materials into a foreign language
is typically focusing on the linguistic aspect of the task. However,
maximizing the impact of the message also requires finding the right
tone for the intended audience…
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the full article…
What is RTL?
RTL is the writing system known as right-to-left
(RTL) in which script runs from the right-hand side of a page and
concludes on the left-hand side, such as in Arabic, Hebrew and Urdu.
As business development manager of a fast-growing regional company
working in Middle Eastern languages on a daily basis, I will endeavor
to give readers some basic information about these types of languages…
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the full article…
Translating Kinship Terms to Malay
In the Malay culture, the kinship term is used as
one of the forms of address when speaking to others, especially
when speaking to family members and close, intimate friends. Using
the correct and proper choice of kinship term is of utmost importance
in this culture…
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the full article…
Portuguese
For the next few months, McElroy will be running
a series of articles that highlight some of the characteristics
of top languages used in doing business globally. This month, we
look at Portuguese, in an interview conducted with McElroy translator
Clarissa Surek-Clark…
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the full article…
German
For the next few months, McElroy will be running
a series of articles that highlight some of the characteristics
of top languages used in doing business globally. This month, we
look at German, in an interview conducted with McElroy Translator
Gerhard Preisser…
Read
the full article…
Expand your business, 300 million consumers
are waiting for your products, services
Today 290 million people (consumers) speak Russian.
Russian is the 4th World's Most Widely Spoken Language and the most
geographically widespread language of Eurasia. As regards modern
times, Russian is the 4th language in the frequency of use in the
world today, which enables one to say that Russian is an international
and a go-between language for ethnic communities…
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the full article…
Bahasa Anyone?
Recently
we have had a surge in requests for Indonesian and Malaysian for
use in Bahasa. One of our Malaysian translators has provided clarification
for our clients. "Bahasa" is not, in fact, another location or country,
it simply means "language." Therefore, Bahasa Indonesia is Indonesian,
and Bahasa Melayu is Malay…
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the full article…
Gender and Language
Most
Western languages have some form of distinction between masculine
and feminine nouns, with some of them adding neuter for good measure.
Interestingly, the two non-Indo-European language groups of Europe—Finno-Ugric
(Hungarian, Finnish, and Estonian) and Basque—have no grammatical
genders. English has almost lost them when referring to inanimate
objects, with the exception of the feminine sometimes used for vessels
and other means of transportation (Fill 'er up!)…
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the full article…
The Languages of the Former Yugoslavia
Though the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
has ceased to exist, the ramifications of the tumultuous changes
that occurred throughout the region in decades past continues even
today. One aspect that continues to be a controversial and touchy
subject in the region is the language. Today, many people find it
difficult to understand the differences between Serbo-Croatian,
Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian, Slovenian, Macedonian, Montenegrin,
etc…
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the full article…
Chinese whispers: challenges of Chinese for
localisation
Chinese is the world's most widely spoken language.
Approximately 1.5 billion people around the globe speak one of its
variants, yet it remains one of the languages about which people
outside Greater China have remarkably little understanding…
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the full article…
L'Emprunt dans la traduction
La langue et la traduction sont des éléments
importants qui animent la vie des différentes sociétés
humaines. Elles sont intimement liées, évolutives
et ont pour domaines communs la communication, l'échange
d'idées, la diffusion et le brassage des cultures. Aussi,
faut-il le souligner, la langue est le moteur de la traduction puisque
sans elle la traduction n'a pas de valeur. Aujourd'hui, l'intensification
des contacts entre les différents peuples pour des raisons
économiques, politiques, techniques, scientifiques, sociales
et culturelles a favorisé l'essor des langues, de la traduction
et d'un autre phénomène linguistique, l'emprunt…
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the full article…
Bengali - One language, Multiple Variations
Bengali, also called Bangla, is the official language
of Bangladesh, and the Indian States of West Bengal and Tripura.
There are over 200 million native speakers of this language across
the world and it has the pride of place as the 5th "most
spoken" language in the world (after Mandarin, Spanish, English
and Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu). Bengali is the second most commonly
spoken language in India (after Hindi). Yet, interestingly,
there are crucial differences between the spoken and
written forms of the language between Bangladeshi Bengali (with
intra-country variations) and Bengali spoken in West Bengal…
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the full article…
Canadian English
Canada
has its own political, cultural, historical, and geographical realities
and has its own words to describe these realities. It has two official
languages, English and French. The English vocabulary used does
not differ enormously from the vocabulary used in other parts of
the world, but some words have different connotations in different
English speaking countries. The bulk of the words used are common
to all English speakers, but there are, a number of words that are
peculiar to Canada…
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the full article…
The Spanish Reality in the United States – A
Unique Challenge
The
issue of the Spanish language in the United States is not an easy
topic to approach. We need to bear in mind the diversity of Spanish
in this country, as well as the need to establish a common denominator
in this amazing melting pot. But there is more to it. Linguistic
and cultural influences and the major repercussions of the use of
Spanish in the media also play a critical role when it comes to
US Spanish…
Chinese Characters
An old
American proverb states "The only history worth knowing is the one
you do not already know." This outlook is quite evident as trade
globalization rapidly unites people, cultures and languages between
the East and West in gaining insights to form strategic business
relationships. From afar, Chinese characters may seem like an insurmountable
communication barrier, but once introduced to the socio-linguistic
and political intricacies of the Chinese language, one will find
both uniqueness and commonalities in comparison to one's own language
and history. This survey will introduce the political, ethnic and
cultural lineage of Chinese characters in East Asia and its impact
on the modern online information realm…
Mexican Spanish
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
Macedonian
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Geographic Distribution
6. Character Set…
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the full article…
Khmer
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Geographic Distribution
5. Character Set…
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the full article…
Hindi
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
Georgian
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
Arabic
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
Anglo-Saxon and Latinate Words
The
English language is derived from a Germanic language – Old English
(Anglo-Saxon). However, despite English’s clearly Germanic forms,
structures and vocabulary, it also comprises a large number of Latinate
and/or French words (being a Romance language, French is derived
ultimately from Latin)…
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the full article…
Zulu
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
Xhosa
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Measurements and Abbreviations
3. Hyphenation
4. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
5. Geographic Distribution
6. Character Set…
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the full article…
Welsh
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
Vietnamese
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
Urdu
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
Ukrainian
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
Turkish
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
Traditional Chinese
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
Thai
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
Tagalog
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
Swiss Italian
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
Swiss German
Contents:
1.
General note on Swiss German
2. Grammar and Spelling
3. Punctuation
4. Measurements and Abbreviations
5. Hyphenation
6. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
7. Geographic Distribution
8. Character Set…
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the full article…
Swiss French
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
Swedish
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
Southern Sesotho
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Measurements and Abbreviations
3. Hyphenation
4. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
5. Geographic Distribution
6. Character Set…
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the full article…
Slovene
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Geographic Distribution
6. Character Set…
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the full article…
Translating
Pronouns and Proper Names: Indonesian versus English
This article presents the differences in the pronominal systems
of the Indonesian and English languages, the secondary senses of
certain pronouns in their use, and the ambiguities caused by culture-based
given names. Detailed discussion of each is provided with some examples
that commonly occur in written texts. Some ways on how to deal with
these problems are also recommended in each topic discussed…
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the full article…
Slovak
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
Simplified Chinese
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
Serbian
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
Russian
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
How
do we define a word that has no commonly understood meaning?
Bilingualism
throughout the world is on the rise due to increased migration patterns
across the globe. It has been estimated that around half the world's
population is bilingual (Grosjean, 1982, in Karamat Ali, 2004).
Interestingly, it has also been predicted that soon, "the speakers
for whom English is a second or other language will outnumber the
total for whom it is their first"…
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the full article…
Romanian
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
Punjabi
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
Portuguese
Contents:
1.
Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Geographic Distribution
6. Character Set…
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the full article…
Polish
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
Norwegian
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
Malay
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
Lithuanian
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
Book
review: "The Stories of English" by David Crystal
I had the good fortune to stumble across this wonderful
book recently, and I found it both entertaining and informative.
As the title suggests, the book tells the various stories by which
the English language has come to be what it is today. (It's as much
about history and politics as it is about language)…
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the full article…
Latvian
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
Latin
American Spanish
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
Korean
Contents:
1.
Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
Read
the full article…
Kazakh
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Geographic Distribution
6. Character Set…
Read
the full article…
Javanese
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
Japanese
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
Italian
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
Icelandic
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
Hungarian
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
Hebrew
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
Greek
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
German
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
French
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
Flemish
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
Finnish
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
Farsi
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
Estonian
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
British
English
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Geographic Distribution…
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the full article…
Dutch
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
Danish
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
Czech
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
Croatian
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
Chilean
Spanish
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
Catalan
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Geographic Distribution
6. Character Set…
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the full article…
Canadian
French
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
Spanish
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
Bulgarian
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
Brazilian
Portuguese
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
Begin
in English to End in Arabic
The discrepancy between the written form of
a language and the pronounced form constitutes one of the major
difficulties in learning languages. It was the work of linguistics
to deal with the subject matter and discuss what might govern such
discrepancy to determine the implied meaning of a form of speech.
In Arabic, such a problem appears most problematic when Arabic is
transcribed in Latin letters…
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the full article (Part1)…
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the full article (Part2)…
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the full article (Part3)…
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the full article (Part4)…
Bosnian
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
Belgian
French
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
Austrian
German
General note on Austrian German and German:
Austrian German adheres to the grammatical system of the German standard language
and only differs in minor points, e.g. in some cases of plural formation.
Furthermore, in some cases, prepositions are used differently…
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the full article…
Argentinian
Spanish
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set…
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the full article…
American
English
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution…
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the full article…
Albanian
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set …
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the full article…
Afrikaans
Contents:
1. Grammar and Spelling
2. Punctuation
3. Measurements and Abbreviations
4. Hyphenation
5. Miscellaneous Peculiarities
6. Geographic Distribution
7. Character Set …
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the full article…
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