Silica eTool: Glossary
By
U.S. Department of Labor,
Occupational Safety & Health Administration,
Constitution Avenue, NW,
Washington, DC 20210, U.S.A.
http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/silica/glossary/glossary.html
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Agate: Cryptocrystalline form of silica. Composed
of extremely fine (submicroscopic) crystals of silica.
Amorphous: Solid material that is composed
of randomly orientated atoms, ions, or molecules that
do not form defined patterns or lattice structures
(non-crystalline).
Chalcedony: Cryptocrystalline silica. Composed
of extremely fine (submicroscopic) silica crystals.
Citation: Under Section 17 of the Occupational
Safety and Health Act, OSHA is authorized to give
citations to employees. Citations describe the item
or items within the workplace that do not comply with
OSHA regulations, date when the items must be corrected,
and any associated fine or penalty. Employer and employee
rights and responsibilities are also included in the
citation.
Chert: Cryptocrystalline silica. Composed of
extremely fine (submicroscopic) silica crystals.
Colloidal Silica: Extremely fine amorphous
silica particles dispersed in water. Colloids do not
settle out of suspension over time. Colloidal silica
is used commercially as binders and stiffeners and
as polishing agents.
Cristobalite: The form of crystalline silica
that is stable at the highest temperature. It occurs
naturally in volcanic rock.
Crystalline: Solid material composed of regularly
repeating atoms, ions, or molecules that form defined
patterns or lattice structures.
Diatomaceous Earth: See Diatomite.
Diatomite: A rock, high in amorphous silica
content, formed from the structures of tiny fresh-
and salt-water organisms called diatoms. Diatomite
has several commercial uses.
Fumed Silica: An amorphous form of silica formed
by the combustion of silicom tetrachloride in hydrogen-oxygen
furnaces.
Fused Quartz: The material formed by the rapid
melting of quartz crystals. A meteor strike or a lightning
bolt striking sand can form fused quartz. The term
quartz glass is often erroneously used to mean fused
quartz, but quartz glass is a misnomer because quartz
is crystalline and glass is noncrystalline.
Fused Silica: The material formed by heating
cristobalite to the melting point (1710° C) and cooling
it rapidly.
Jasper: Cryptocrystalline silica. Composed
of extremely fine (submicroscopic) silica crystals.
Label: 29 CFR 1910.1200 (Manufacturer's Responsibility)
(f) "Labels and other forms of warning."
(1) The chemical manufacturer, importer, or distributor
shall ensure that each container of hazardous chemicals
leaving the workplace is labeled, tagged or marked
with the following information: (i) Identity of the
hazardous chemical(s); (ii) Appropriate hazard warnings;
and (iii) Name and address of the chemical manufacturer,
importer, or other responsible party.
29 CFR 1910.1200 (Employer's Responsibility)
(I) Employers shall ensure that labels on incoming
containers of hazardous chemicals are not removed
or defaced;
Material Safety Data Sheet: 29 CFR 1910.1200
Manufacturer's Responsibility: (1) Chemical manufacturers
and importers shall obtain or develop a material safety
data sheet for each hazardous chemical they produce
or import. Employers shall have a material safety
data sheet in the workplace for each hazardous chemical
they use. (2) Each material safety data sheet shall
be in English (although the employer may maintain
copies in other languages as well), and shall contain
at least the following information:
(I) The identity used on the label, and, except as
provided for in paragraph (I) of this section on trade
secrets:
1910.1200(g)(2)(I)(A)
{2} The chemical and common name(s) of all ingredients
which have been determined to be health hazards, and
which comprise less than 1% (0.1% for carcinogens)
of the mixture, if there is evidence that the ingredient(s)
could be released from the mixture in concentrations
which would exceed an established OSHA permissible
exposure limit or ACGIH Threshold Limit Value, or
could present a health risk to employees; and,
{3} The chemical and common name(s) of all ingredients
which have been determined to present a physical hazard
when present in the mixture;
(ii) Physical and chemical characteristics of the
hazardous chemical (such as vapor pressure, flash
point);
(iii) The physical hazards of the hazardous chemical,
including the potential for fire, explosion, and reactivity;
(iv) The health hazards of the hazardous chemical,
including signs and symptoms of exposure, and any
medical conditions which are generally recognized
as being aggravated by exposure to the chemical;
(v) The primary route(s) of entry;
(vi) The OSHA permissible exposure limit, ACGIH Threshold
Limit Value, and any other exposure limit used or
recommended by the chemical manufacturer, importer,
or employer preparing the material safety data sheet,
where available;
(vii) Whether the hazardous chemical is listed in
the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Annual Report
on Carcinogens (latest edition) or has been found
to be a potential carcinogen in the International
Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Monographs (latest
editions), or by OSHA;
(viii) Any generally applicable precautions for safe
handling and use which are known to the chemical manufacturer,
importer or employer preparing the material safety
data sheet, including appropriate hygienic practices,
protective measures during repair and maintenance
of contaminated equipment, and procedures for clean-up
of spills and leaks;
(ix) Any generally applicable control measures which
are known to the chemical manufacturer, importer or
employer preparing the material safety data sheet,
such as appropriate engineering controls, work practices,
or personal protective equipment;
(x) Emergency and first aid procedures;
(xi) The date of preparation of the material safety
data sheet or the last change to it; and,
(xii) The name, address and telephone number of the
chemical manufacturer, importer, employer or other
responsible party preparing or distributing the material
safety data sheet, who can provide additional information
on the hazardous chemical and appropriate emergency
procedures, if necessary.
Employer's Responsibility
(ii) Employers shall maintain copies of any material
safety data sheets that are received with incoming
shipments of the sealed containers of hazardous chemicals,
shall obtain a material safety data sheet as soon
as possible for sealed containers of hazardous chemicals
received without a material safety data sheet if an
employee requests the material safety data sheet,
and shall ensure that the material safety data sheets
are readily accessible during each work shift to employees
when they are in their work area(s)
Opal: An amorphous form of silica.
PPE: Personal protective equipment used to
prevent worker exposure to silica. This includes respirators,
hoods, gloves, goggles, etc.
29 CFR 1910.1200: Occupational Safety and Health
Administration's Hazard Communications Standard.
Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL): This is the
airborne concentration of silica above which employees
can not be exposed.
Precipitated Silica: Amorphous silica that
is precipitated from either a vapor or solution.
Quartz: The most common type of crystalline
silica. Some publications will use quartz and crystalline
silica interchangeably, but the term crystalline silica
actually encompasses several forms: quartz, cristobalite,
tridymite, and several rarer forms. Also the term
sand is used interchangeably.
Radiolarian Earth: Soil, high in amorphous
silica content, composed predominantly from the remains
of radiolaria. Radiolarian earth that has been consolidated
(hardened) into rock is called radiolarite.
Radiolarite: A rock, high in amorphous silica
content, formed from the shells of tiny fresh- and
salt-water organisms called radiolaria.
Silica: The common name for silicon dioxide.
A compound formed from silicon and oxygen. Silica
is a polymorph, that is, it exists in more than one
state. The states of silica are crystalline and noncrystalline
(also called amorphous). Crystalline silica can take
several forms: quartz (most common), cristobalite,
tridymite, and four rare forms.
Silica Brick: Brick composed of silica that
is used as a lining in furnaces.
Silica Gel: Amorphous silica, prepared in formation
with water. Removal of the liquid creates xerogels
and further treatment with alcohol creates aerogels.
Silica gels are used as drying agents and to alter
viscosity of liquids.
Silica Flour: Finely ground quartz, typically
98% of the particles are below 55 microns in diameter.
Silica Sand: A common term in industry. It
generally is used to mean a sand that has a very high
percentage of silica, usually in the form of quartz.
Silica sand is used as a source of pure silicon and
as a raw material for glass and other products. Also
called quartz sand.
Silicate: A common name for compounds that
are composed of atoms of slicon, oxygen, one or more
metals and possibly hydrogen. Many natural minerals
are silicates.
Tridymite: A form of crystalline silica. It
is found in nature in volcanic rocks and stony meteorites.
It is also found in fired silica bricks.
Tripoli: (rottenstone) Soft decomposed rock
that may contain crystalline (quartz) or amorphous
forms of silica.
Source:
http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/silica/glossary/glossary.html
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