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Jensen's Technology Glossary
(Starting with "T")



By Bob Jensen,
Trinity University,
New Hampshire, U.S.A.

http://www.trinity.edu/rjensen/




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Tags = These are formatting codes used in HTML documents. Tags indicate how parts of a document will appear when displayed by browsing software.

Taligent = A former software development venture initially commenced by Apple and IBM corporations. In 1994, Hewlett-Packard announced it would take 15% in Taligent and provide technical support. Taligent's primary mission is to develop cross-platform object-oriented operating systems and applications software, the first release of which will be in 1995 for IBM's Unix-based system called AIX. Versions for OS/2, PowerOpen, and Hewett-Packards HP-UX systems will follow. The future of Taligent along with a similar joint venture at Kaleida Labs is somewhat uncertain due to changing times and top management strategies in IBM and Apple according to Information Week, May 23, 1994. Key features of the Taligent applications operating system and the "People, Places, and Things" user interface are discussed in Panettieri (1994b). The key feature is the object-oriented design that will greatly reduce the time and effort needed by software developers who can make use of chunks of pre-written code.

In in 1996, Taligent seemed beaten up and dead in the water until IBM decided to put an enoromous investment into Java support. In 1997, Taligent became the industry leader in Java development. (See also Java, Kaleida and Pink)

TCP/IP = Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol is an internet transmission protocol that is extremely popular on the Internet. This is a standard for routing and data transfer around the world. It has become even more important in the rising tide of intranets. A good beginner's guide is provided in PC Magazine, November 19, 1996, pp. 223-224. (See also CORBA, Internet, and Intranet.)

TDMA = (Wireless Glossary of Terms)

Teleconference = A telephone communication in which more than two people are simultaneously connected so they can exchange verbal comments as if they were in the same room having a face-to-face conference. A teleconference need not have visual communications in addition to audio communications, but modern technology now makes it possible to see conference members on monitor screens or television screens. (See also IRC and Videoconferencing)

Telematics = the combination of   computers in concert with telecommunications systems. This includes dial-up service to the Internet as well as all types of networks that rely on a telecommunications system to transport data. 

Telephony = real time telephone conversation across a network, especially networks on the Internet. See Chat Lines and IRC.

Television = (See Video)

Telnet = The Internet standard protocol for remote login service that allows users on the Internet to access programs and applications on computers in remote locations. Telnet allows a user at one site to interact with a remote timesharing system at another site as if the user's terminal were connected directly to the remote computer. When using the Internet, type "Telnet" followed by a space and the address of the computer for remote login. Note that the Telnet protocol should not be confused with the Telnet public data network. (See also Protocol and Remote login)

TENet = Texas Education Network education Internet computer network connecting 15,000 school teachers and administrators in Texas. On the Internet, people from around the world can communicate with educators and access educational resources such as an online encyclopedia, the Educational Resources Information Center Documents Database (ERIC), lesson plans, study guides, current events, etc. (See also Internet)

Text conversion = (See OCR)

Text reading  = The conversion of computer text into audio sounds. The flip side of "speech recognition" is "text reading" conversion of written text into audio. The pioneer in this technology is Bell Labs athttp://www.islip.com/. That Bell Labs web site has some wonderful demonstrations of this technology. Apple Computer has a text manager in its AV models. Options such as Text Assist from Creative Labs (800-998-1000) and related hardware/software from sound board vendors are available for PCs. (See also Speech recognition)

"Lawyers Find Technology Helps with Reading Workload," PR Web, July 28, 2006 --- http://www.prweb.com/releases/legal/textaloud/prweb417395.htm

A life in the legal profession is filled with challenges. From demanding hours and monumental workloads, to the challenges posed by constant deadlines, huge caseloads, firm and client management, and legal research -- it's a notoriously tough profession. And among those challenges for law students and lawyers are the tasks of preparing and proofing a variety of legal manuscripts, letters and documents, along with maintaining an often massive reading list -- from legislation changes and updates, to legal research and case preparation, industry articles, and more.

Luckily, Text to Speech programs like NextUp's TextAloud ( www.NextUp.com ) assist those in the law profession in proofing their work or keeping up with their reading no matter where they are, through the freedom offered by listening to the material read aloud. TextAloud is an award-winning program that converts text into spoken audio for listening on a PC, and that can also save text to audio files for playback on portables like the iPod (R), PocketPC (R), and a wide range of portable devices.

People from a wide variety of professions have already found TextAloud to be an indispensable everyday tool, but the program has proven particularly popular among those in the study or profession of law. Many small firms or single-attorney offices face a mountain of document preparation from deeds, wills, lawsuits, and other court documents -- without the time or manpower to adequately proof those materials. TextAloud has proven invaluable in these instances, helping to improve reading comprehension and speed while offering the opportunity to proof work "by ear," and from anywhere. The program's ability to address formidable reading or study challenges for such users no matter where they are -- out of the office, waiting for a court appearance, or even at leisure -- has proven to be truly transformative.

In recent surveys of TextAloud's legal industry users, several respondents noted their use of the program specifically for the pursuit or study of law -- following are just a few testimonials:

* David D. (Attorney): "As a lawyer, TextAloud saves me hundreds of hours a month. If I get a contract or other document that requires a complete but only cursory inspection, TextAloud can be great for that. I also listen to long e-mails, articles from my favorite Web sites, and even entire books. I honestly don't know how I ever got by without it."

* Gordon L. (Attorney): "I use TextAloud to keep me updated on new case law and legislation by downloading a text or even a PDF file (my favorite feature) and then having TextAloud read it aloud to me over my iPod. It's a good timesaving technique, and permits me to review more law than I would otherwise. And used in combination with a portable audio device like an iPod or other MP3 player, you can make relatively productive use of time spent driving, waiting in line, grocery shopping, etc. Using TextAloud lets me get home to my wife and three kids sooner, rather than later."

Continued in article

Advances in Text to Speech

Type in some text and hear it read back to you --- http://vhost.oddcast.com/vhost_minisite/demos/tts/tts_example.html
Hint:  Try some words that are not in the dictionary.

The Oddcast homepage is at http://vhost.oddcast.com/vhost_minisite/

May 3, 2006 reply from Stephen Field (Professor of Chinese at Trinity University)

Bob, for your information it also works when I type Chinese characters into the window.

Even the tones are correct when spoken!

iSpeak Personal Text Reader and MP3 Recorder --- http://www.computertimes.com/oct01edchoiceispeak.htm 
(So simple that it does not even have a manual and the current price should be under $50.

iSpeak Personal Text Reader, from Fonix, reads text with a natural, human sounding voice using inflection, intonation, and pauses, to facilitate listening comprehension. This is not only a useful product, it is also a lot of fun. It injects "personality" into your PC with voices that let you control speed, pitch, and volume.

iSpeak allows you to quickly and easily transform text into clear, natural sounding audio files. With just a few clicks, you can conveniently scan e-mail, review Websites and listen to lengthy documents - all while working on other tasks, like browsing the Web, cooking dinner or writing a letter. You can even save text files as portable MP3s and then listen to them on a plane, in the car or anywhere else you want to be.

iSpeak is also ideal for those who are learning English as a second language or for children who are just learning to read. Simply highlight the desired text and then hit play to hear how it's read, or set iSpeak to pronounce specific words as they're typed in. The uses for iSpeak are many.

ISpeak is a powerful and flexible personal text reader. iSpeak can speak with a high-quality, human-sounding voice and voice lists of text files, text you enter from the keyboard, and the contents of the clipboard. With iSpeak, you can record synthesized speech to MP3 (.mp3) or Wave (.wav) files. You can also listen to and record Microsoft Outlook 2000 email with the click of a button.

Computer requirements for iSpeak?

  • Pentium computer (minimum 100MHz processor)
  • 35 MB available disk space for Compact installation or 288 MB for Typical installation
  • 32 MB RAM
  • CD-ROM drive
  • A Sound Blaster 16 or compatible sound card
  • Microsoft Windows 95/98/2000, ME, or Microsoft NT 4.0

What type of files will iSpeak read?

iSpeak will only read text files. A text file is a text-only file, which does not include formatting or graphics. Text files end with the extension .txt. To create a text file from text in an existing document, simply copy the text and paste it into Notepad, then save the new file. iSpeak will not play Word files (.doc).

Will iSpeak create and play audio files?

iSpeak can play a text file and record the synthesized speech to an MP3 (.mp3) or Wave (.wav) file. You can choose to record synthesized speech as a single audio file or as several audio files. However, iSpeak will only play text files. To play the audio files you have created, you must have an application that plays audio files.

Will iSpeak read email?

Fonix iSpeak 2.0 supports Microsoft Outlook® 2000. This does not include Microsoft Outlook Express® or any other e-mail application. During the iSpeak installation, an iSpeak menu will be automatically added to your Outlook menu bar. You can select the e-mail messages that you want iSpeak to read, play the contents of the inbox or a selected folder, and specify which e-mail messages iSpeak should read.

Will iSpeak read content from the World Wide Web?

iSpeak will read text from any web page. Simply copy the text, then click the Play button on the iSpeak interface. Alternatively, you can create a text file by pasting the text into Notepad, then save the new file.

What are the iSpeak modes?

The functionality of iSpeak is organized into two modes: Playlist and Keyboard. In Playlist mode, iSpeak will read text files that you organize into playlists, or lists of files. In Keyboard mode, iSpeak will voice individual keys, individual words, entire sentences, or combinations of all three.

What are iSpeak skins?

You can select between multiple skins to change the appearance of the iSpeak interface. Each skin provides the same functionality, but displays the interface elements differently.

You can download different skins from the Internet.

What are some common uses of the iSpeak product?

  • Save files or e-mail to listen to while you commute.
  • Get a feel for how a presentation or speech will sound.
  • Edit documents for school or work (you'll hear spelling or grammar errors your eyes don't see).
  • Save the synthesis of articles and online courses and textbooks to audio files for convenience.
  • Save stories to be read aloud to children as they follow along.
  • Use it to help teach English as a Second Language courses.
  • Use it to read your love notes to your significant other.

.System Requirements 

- Pentium computer (minimum 100 MHz processor)
- Microsoft Windows 95,98,2000,NT,ME
- Hard disk with a minimum of 35 MB of free drive space
- 35 MB RAM for Compact installation or 288 MB RAM for Typical installation
- CD-ROM drive
- A Sound Blaster 16 or compatible sound card

Barry Rice forwarded the following message in January 1998:

Dear Mr. Rice: Thank you for your interest in the Lucent Technologies TTS system. The Windows 95/NT version of our multilingual TTS will be available for beta test in September, although the beta program is full at this time. General availability is scheduled for November. The full Software Development Kit, containing SAPI-compliant engines for both ASR and TTS, will be in the $500 range. Specific information on this product will be given on the Bell Labs web site shortly prior to general availability, so check our site again at that time. John Holmgren Business Development Manager Lucent Technologies Phone: 908 949-8864 Email: jholmgren@lucent.com

From Syllabus News on September 11, 2001

Convert Print to Spoken Words

The recently released Scan and Read family of software scans any printed material and converts it to spoken words, delivered in a variety of voices through the computer's speaker. The software also displays the text on the screen and highlights each word as it's read, a helpful feature for readers of all ages, those with learning disabilities, and non-English speakers looking for a way to increase their vocabularies. The more advanced members of the software family include word processing capability; the ability to access Microsoft Word files and convert them to spoken words; automatic image rotation, which allows software to convert text regardless of how it's positioned on the scanner bed; and the ability to create MP3 files, which can then be downloaded to other devices.

For more information, visit http://www.premier-programming.com

Dismuke's Virtual Talking Machine (Music, Speech, Recording, History) http://www.dismuke.org/ 

This is fascinating with all sorts of implications for research and future communication!

"Animated face helps deaf with phone chat," by Will Knight, NewScientist.com, August 4, 2004 --- http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id =ns99996228 

Software that creates an animated face to match someone talking on the other end of a phone line can help people with hearing difficulties converse, suggests a new study.

The animated face provides a realistic impersonation of a person speaking, enabling lip-readers to follow the conversation visually as well as audibly.

The prototype system, called Synface, helped 84 percent of participants to recognise words and chat normally over the telephone in recently completed trials by the UK's Royal National Institute for the Deaf (RNID).

The RNID trials involved hard-of-hearing volunteers trying to decipher preset sentences and also taking part in real conversations.

Synface takes around 200 milliseconds - one fifth of a second - to generate the animated annunciations. But the system incorporates a fractional delay, so that the face is perfectly synchronised with the voice on the end of the line.

Regional dialects

Synface runs on an ordinary laptop and can be connected to any type of phone, including a cell phone. It uses a neural network to match voice to mouth movements. This mimics the way neurons operate inside the brain and can be trained to recognise patterns.

The neural network used by Synface identifies particular sounds, or "phonemes", rather than entire words. This has been shown to be a particularly fast way of matching words to animation. By concentrating on sounds the system can also represent words that it has not encountered previously.

The technology is not meant to assist people who are profoundly deaf, but rather those who have some hearing difficulties. Around one in seven people in western countries fall into this category. So far, Synface has been trained to work in English, Swedish and Dutch. It could also be fine-tuned to recognise different regional dialects.

"The accuracy still needs to be improved," admits Neil Thomas, head of product development at the RNID. But he says it could eventually make life easier for many people who have trouble hearing.

"There are a lot of people who struggle with using the telephone," Thomas told New Scientist. "It really gives them an added level of confidence."

The system was developed by researchers at Royal Institute of Technology, in Stockholm, Sweden, University College London, UK as well as Dutch software company Viataal and Belgian voice analysis firm Babletech.

Bob Jensen's threads on multivariate faces are at http://www.trinity.edu/rjensen/000aaa/newfaculty.htm#faces 

See also speech recognition and www.bevocal.com 

Text recognition = (See Text reading)

Texture = Texturing effects in graphics images and multimedia backgrounds. Comparisons of software options for "tantalizing textures" are compared in NewMedia, November 1994, p. 104.

Three-beam projector = A computer/video projector having three color beams (guns) to project computer and/or video images on the wall or large screens. These are generally the top of the line in terms of projection quality and lowest in line in terms of portability. Most of these have scan converters to convert computer RGB into NTSC images. Early models could only scan CGA images from PC computers. Modern versions can scan almost any type of computer display, although they may require skilled technicians to adjust the display whenever a computer is first connected to the projector. These projectors are very popular as ceiling mounts in electronic classrooms. (See also Projection, LCD, and Graphics adapter)

THX = (See Dolby-NR)

tif = (See TIFF)

TIFF = Tagged Image File Format graphics file format popularized by Aldus PageMaker for recognizeing graphics from different types of software. TIFF graphics files typically have a tif extension. (See also Graphics)

Tiger Video Server = (See Video server)

Time line = A graphical representation of a span of time and the chronological relationship of events.

Timeline presentation = A "linear" presentation where the sequence on images or tasks is predetermined and cannot be interactively altered or modified by the user. This is just the opposite of "nonlinear" hypertext and hypermedia presentations where users interactively determine or partly determine the sequencing. (See also Hypertext and Hypermedia)

Titles = The vast array of CD-ROM, CD-I, CD-3DO, videodisc, videotape, and other "titles" of electronic books, electronic games, etc. available on the market. Many such titles of interest to accounting educators are listed in Appendix 1. Jerram (1994b) reports on the "explosion" of CD-ROM titles in general (e.g., electronic books and games) in 1993 and 1994. Weiner (1995) describes the activities of publishing companies to expand multimedia titles and related software. Weiner features efforts by Addison-Wesley Interactive. For reviews of CD-ROM titles on the market, we recommend CD-ROM Today (see Appendix 4). (See also Authoring, Games, and Hypermedia)

Token = The data packet used to carry information on LANs using the ring topology.

ToolBook = a Windows and Windows 2000 based authoring system for computer based training and education. The main competitor is Macromedia Authorware. ToolBook has full functionality with web delivery options of Neuron. For links to Asymetrix and applications on the web, see http://www.trinity.edu/rjensen/links/prelim.htm. (See Hypermedia, Hypertext, and Authoring)

Topology = The manner in which nodes are connected on a LAN.

Touchscreen  = An overlay for a computer monitor screen that allows users to control navigation and other actions by touching the screen. Although widely used for children, touchscreens are also useful when customers enter reception areas and library users want to search holdings listings. A review of options is provided in the NewMedia 1995 Tool Guide (pp. 101-103).

Track-at-once recording = A mode that lets you record contents to a disk in multiple sessions, a track at a time. (See also Disk-at-once recording and CD-R)

Training = (See Authoring and Multimedia)

Transaction Control (See Concurrency Control)

Trap Door (See Security)

Trojan Horse (See Security)

Trumpet Winsock = A popular, cheerier TCP/IP protocol stack.

Trustee rights = Rights given to users to access directories on the file server.

TULIP = A program from Elsevier Science (212-633-3787) to license universities to receive technical journals in electronic form, including bibliographic information. To date, over 43 Elsevier and Pergamon journals are available at major universities such as The University of Michigan, Cornell, Carnegie Mellon, Georgia Tech, University of Tennessee, University of California, University of Washington, Virginia Tech, MIT, and others. This is probably the first major attempt by a publisher of science journals to depart from hard copy publishing in favor of electronic media. Major advantages to users include compactness for storage, rapid access and retrieval, keyword searching, and ability to add user annotations and updates.



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