e-government
- E-government
- E-Government
- e-Gov
- egov
- EGOV
- E-GOV
- Egovernment
- eGovernment
- government
- egovernment
- EGovernment
- electronic
government
- online
government
- online
- e-Services
- e-Service
- Services
- e-
- E-
- Service
- e-commerce
- commerce
- electronic
- B2G
Also:
eGovernment, egovernment, Egovernment, E-government,
E-Government, e-Gov, egov, EGOV, E-GOV, EGovernment
1. "B2G" (see);
the use of information and communication technologies
(ICTs) to improve the activities of public sector
organisations:
a) the delivery of public services,
where there is an online or Internet based aspect
to
the delivery of the services;
b) the conduct of government business
where the activities of those involved in the
process of government itself (such as legislators
and the legislative process) where some electronic
or online aspect is under consideration;
c) voting where some technological
aspect is under consideration.
2. Non-Internet aspects of eGovernment:
a) Telephone and telecommunications
issues in a government context, including:
- the provision of government services by telephone
(such as in call centers),
- the use of fax in the provision of government
services and the conduct of government business,
- the use of mobile phone (and PDA) based communications
technology (such as SMS text messaging and MMS
as well as Bluetooth etc.) in the provision of
government services and the conduct of government
business;
b) General Government IT, which
is now starting to be reclassified as eGovernment,
in many cases because it is becoming ever more
difficult to disentangle "internal"
(i.e., non-'citizen-facing') IT resources and
projects (which have hitherto mostly not been
seen as part of eGovernment) from "external"
(and thus mostly already seen as eGovernment)
service provision. (This reclassification is by
no means universal and is often controversial.);
c) Surveillance systems, CCTV, tracking
systems, RFID, biometric identification, road
traffic management and regulatory enforcement;
d) Identity cards, smart cards;
e) Polling station technology (where
non-online "e-voting" is being considered);
f) TV and radio-based delivery of
government services (this often has a "crossover"
with the Internet, but also includes many non-Internet
based aspects and projects such as Digital Audio
Broadcasting (DAB), Digital TV and High Definition
TV (HDTV) provision).
Non-Website-specific aspects of Internet-based
eGovernment concerns:
- the use of Email in the provision of government
services and the conduct of government business,
- the use of "online community" facilities,
such as message boards, newsgroups and discussion
lists
- the use of "real-time" Internet facilities,
such as "online chat" and "instant
messenger" technologies.
Example:
Implementation of E-Government is important in
making Government more responsive and cost-effective.
Etymology:
The term (in all its uses) is generally agreed
to derive from "electronic government"
which introduces the notion and practicalities
of electronic technology into the
various dimensions and ramifications of government.
Online government services are sometimes called
e-Services, often a label which
is considered to be a distinction from e-commerce,
but in some cases e-services and e-commerce are
practically interchangeable terms.
Synonym:
online government
earwig
[EER-wig]
To annoy or attempt to influence by private
talk.
Example:
[He] earwigged the big man at the Labour conference,
asking him to take the lead in banning tobacco
advertising from newspapers. (Stephen Cook,
"The Guardian" [London], October 1986)
History, more meanings:
Earwigs are small insects that were
once thought to crawl into the ears of sleeping
people. This isn't true - earwigs prefer moist,
dark places under leaves and rocks to human ears
- but the superstition led people to name the
insect "earwicga," Old English
for "ear insect." Over time, people
connected the idea of having an insect in one's
ear to situations that involve whispering or speaking
privately into someone's ear. The noun "earwig"
came to also mean "a whispering busybody"
(though this sense is now considered archaic),
and the verb "earwig"
evolved to refer to the acts of such meddlers.
easy as pie
- as
easy as a pie
- as
easy as pie
- easy
as a pie
- piece
of cake
- piece
- cake
- easy
- pie
- a
piece of cake
- as easy as falling off a log
- as easy as rolling off a log
- easy as falling off a log
- easy as rolling off a log
Very simple; extremely easy; not difficult; requiring
practically no effort.
Examples:
1) The job was easy as pie, and
we finished up an hour early. 2)
You want Mom to give you fifty dollars? Easy as
pie. Just tell her you need to buy some new shoes.
3) That math problem is easy as
pie. I'll show you how to do it.
4) I thought that getting my teacher
to raise my grade would be as easy as pie.
Etymology:
There are two similar modern idioms that mean
extremely easy: "easy as pie"
and "piece of cake". Why
should they both relate to baked desserts? 'Pie'
is a tasty, sweet dish that is easy to make, and
even easier to eat.
Synonyms: (a) piece of cake; (as) easy
as falling off a log; (as) easy as rolling off
a log
easy come,
easy go
- easy
come easy go
- easy
come
- easy
go
- easy
- come
- go
Something that is easily obtained, as money, can
be lost or parted with just as easily.
Example:
As Ming was spending his lottery money, he said,
"Easy come, easy go."
History:
This saying goes all the way back to the famous
"Canterbury Tales", written in the 1300s.
The author, Geoffrey Chaucer, was saying that
if you get something quickly and easily without
really working hard for it, you'll probably spend
or lose it just as quickly.
eat crow
- Eat
- crow
- eat
one's words
- eat
humble pie
- eat
a humble pie
- take
it back
- take
- back
- word
- humble
pie
- humble
- pie
To be forced to do something very disagreeable;
to acknowledge a mistake or defeat; to admit you
were wrong, take back what you said.
Synonyms: eat one's words; eat humble pie;
take it back.
Examples:
1) I made Jon admit that he was wrong,
and now he has to eat crow.
2) The racing car driver bragged
that his was the fastest, best-built car ever
to run the
Indianapolis 500. He said confidently that he
was guaranteed to win the race. But he had to
eat crow when his car got two flat tires and lost
the race.
Etymology:
This is a saying from the War of 1812 when
an American officer was forced to eat a dead
crow. People who have actually eaten a
crow say that it tastes horrible. To be forced
to "eat crow" is humbling
and humiliating, like having to admit that you've
done or said something terribly wrong. If you
"eat crow", you are taking
back something that you once said.
eat humble pie
- eat
- humble
pie
- humble
- pie
- eat
crow
- crow
To be apologetic or suffer humiliation; to act
humble or admit guilt.
Examples:
1) Carlos bragged that he was the
fastest runner in the school, but he had to eat
humble pie when he came in last at the time trials.
2) When he finds out how wrong he's
been, he'll eat humble pie.
Etymology, synonyms:
"Humble" means "modest,
lowly, meek". Humble pie, which originally
had no relation to being humble, was a
meat pie made of animal intestines. The
expression "eat humble pie"
came to stand for the unpleasant situation in
which you are forced to admit your mistakes or
weaknesses.
This expression is very similar to "eat
crow", but it comes from medieval
times, when there really was a pie called
an "umble", or "numble"
pie. Umbles were the heart, liver, and
entrails of deer and other animals, and only servants
ate a pie made out of animals' guts. "Umble
pie" was changed to "humble".
By the early 1800s the expression "eat
humble pie" meant profusely apologizing
for a humiliating error.
eat lead
To be shot at with a gun; as an exclamation,
the phrase is directed toward the intended
target.
Example:
"Eat lead!" yelled the bank robber as
he fired his gun at the police outside.
Etymology:
A bullet is made of lead so when a gun is fired
at someone, the intended target might be 'eating
lead' - that is, bringing the bullet inside their
body.
eat my dust
A phrase meaning "I'm winning!", usually
used to taunt someone who is losing a race or
any kind of competition.
Example: Eat my dust, boy! Catch me if
you can!
Etymology: In a car race, the lead car
will produce a cloud of dirt that all the other
cars will have to drive through; and the drivers
of those cars will have to 'eat' (or breathe)
that cloud of 'dust' (or dirt).
eat one's hat
- eat
my hat
- eat
your hat
- eat
- hat
A statement made when you are positive that something
will happen.
Example:
If we don't win this basketball game by at least
twenty points, I'll eat my hat.
Etymology:
Many great writers, including Charles Dickens,
have used this expression. The idea behind it
is that you are 100 percent certain that some
event will take your place (or not take place).
If the opposite of what you publicly predict unexpectedly
happens, you will do something ridiculous like
eat your hat. Since you expect your prediction
to come true, you feel safe in promising that
you'll do something stupid if it doesn't.
eat one's words
- eat
your words
- eat
- words
- word
- eat
crow
- eat
humble pie
- take
it back
- crow
- humble
- pie
- humble
pie
- take
- back
- take
smth. back
To have to take back what you said; to admit humbly
that you were wrong; to regret what you said.
Examples:
1) He predicted that I'd fail biology,
but I got a D. Now he'll have to eat his words.
2) He told me the answer, and I
had to eat my words. I was wrong.
Synonyms:
eat crow, eat humble pie; take it back.
Etymology:
Words come out of your mouth. Food goes in to
be eaten. If you're said something that turns
out to be not true, maybe you wish you could take
back those wrong words, put them back into your
mouth, and eat them. A similar expression is "eat
crow" etc. (see "Synonyms"),
but "eat your words" makes
more sense.
So, remember to keep your words soft and sweet,
you never know when you may have to eat them.
eat out of one's hand
- eat out of your hand
- eat out of
- hand
- eat
- out of
To trust someone fully; believe or obey someone
without question; to be very cooperative and submissive;
to believe and obey someone without question.
Examples:
1) The governor has the reporters
eating out of his hand. Helen is so pretty and
popular that all the boys eat out of her hand.
2) That kid will be eating out of
my hand when I show him my new video game.
Etymology:
This expression, from the 20th century, describes
what a tame or trusting animal will do if you
treat it right. The person who created this idiom
applied the same idea to human beings who trust
fully and obey without question. People don't
actually eat out of someone's hand, but they do
behave like obedient animals sometimes.
eat your heart out
- eat
one's heart out
- eat
the heart out
- eat
out
- eat
- heart
1. To feel extremely unhappy about a hopeless
situation; to make yourself sick with grief and
worry.
2. To envy my prize, wish that you had
one.
Examples:
1) After Elena lost the plane tickets,
she ate her heart out over the mistake.
2) When Kurt won the Porsche, he
said, "Eat your heart out, guys."
3) When Marika got the lead in the
school play, Fiona ate her heart out because she
wanted it.
Etymology:
This expression goes all the way back to the ancient
Greek. The poet Homer used it in his famous
epic poem the "Odyssey". A person's
heart has always been considered the center of
his or her emotions. For instance,
a person can be "brokenhearted", or
have a "heart of gold." This idiom is
saying that if you become thin and weak from sorrow,
if your misery is making you sick, then it's as
if you are figuratively eating your heart out.
The same happens if someone is extremely
jealous.
eats
Food, particularly simple, inexpensive food.
Example:
I'm hungry. Let's get some eats!
Etymology:
One eats food. This slang term turns a verb into
a noun. Synonym: grub
eavesdropper
One who listens in on another person's private
conversation.
Etymology:
It began in Anglo-Saxon England. The word came
from Old Norse and originally referred to the
area around a building that was liable to be wetted
by water flowing off the projecting eaves of the
roof above (gutters hadnt been invented yet).
There was an ancient custom that stopped a landowner
from building within two feet of his boundary,
for fear that the water cascading off the eaves
might cause problems for his neighbour.
By the end of the medieval period, the word eavesdropper
had been invented for somebody who stood within
this strip of ground, under the projecting eaves
and close to the walls of a building, in order
to listen surreptitiously to the conversations
within. The verb to eavesdrop
in the same sense came along about a century
later.
ebullient
[ih-BUL-yuhnt]
1. Overflowing with enthusiasm or
excitement; high-spirited, exuberant.
2. Boiling up or over; agitated.
Examples:
1) The glasses he wore for astigmatism
gave him a deceptively clerkish appearance, for
he had an ebullient, gregarious personality, a
hot temper, and an outsized imagination. (Jon
Lee Anderson, "Che Guevara: A Revolutionary
Life")
2) He was no longer an ebullient,
energetic adolescent. (Linda Simon, "Genuine
Reality: A Life of William James")
3) Sometimes he would come back from
the Drenchery Club holding on to the walls till
he got to my office, where he'd be jolly and ebullient.
At other times, he'd return morose. (Harriet
Wasserman, "Handsome Is: Adventures with
Saul Bellow")
4) Students found Mr. Brennan's
science class to be a challenge, but his ebullient
style made his lectures very entertaining.
Etymology, related words:
"Ebullient" comes from
Latin "ebullire" ("to bubble
up"), from "e-" ("out
of, from") + "bullire" ("to
bubble, to boil"); the stem "bullire"
is an ancestor of our word "boil"
and derives from "bulla," the
Latin word for "bubble".
Someone who is ebullient is bubbling
over with enthusiasm. In its earliest known uses
in English in the late 1500s, "ebullient"
was used in the sense of "boiling" or
"bubbling" that might have described
a pot simmering on the stove. Only later did the
word's meaning broaden to encompass emotional
agitation in addition to the tempestuous roiling
of a boiling liquid.
echelon
1. A steplike arrangement.
2. A body of troops arranged in a line.
(classification: military, armed forces,
armed services, military machine, war machine)
3. a) One of a series of levels
or grades in an organization or field of activity;
b) the individuals at such a level.
Example:
Capturing her third straight title finally convinced
critics that Janice belonged in the upper echelon
of tennis players.
4. A diffraction grating consisting of
a pile of plates of equal thickness arranged stepwise
with a constant offset. Synonyms: diffraction
grating, grating.
Etymology:
"Echelon" is a useful
word for anyone who is climbing the ladder of
success. It traces back to "scala",
a Late Latin word meaning "ladder" that
was the ancestor of the Old French "eschelon",
meaning "rung of a ladder". Over time,
the French word (which is "echelon"
in Modern French) came to mean "step",
"grade", or "level". When
it was first borrowed into English in the 18th
century, "echelon" referred
specifically to a steplike arrangement of troops,
but it now usually refers to a level or category
within an organization or group of people.
echo bubble
- echo
bubble
- echo
- bubble
- tech-driven
bubble
- tech-driven
- tech
- driven
- B-wave
- wave
- bubble
junior
- junior
A sharp but temporary rise in stock prices that
follows the collapse of a recent stock market
bubble.
Examples:
1) Given where tech stocks are at
the moment - wheezing at a red light after a 17-month
romp - where will they go from here? Will the
Nasdaq hitch up its socks and dash to 2500 or
maybe 3000? Or is the "echo bubble"
starting to leak? And will this pull Nasdaq down
to 1500? (Rich Karlgaard, "Tech Stocks
at a Crossroads", Forbes, March 1, 2004)
2) After a spectacular rise in the
S&P 500, signs of a major market top are rapidly
falling into place. While many have heralded the
rally as the emergence of a new bull market, history
indicates that such large reactions are part and
parcel of secular bear markets. Nobel Laureate
Vernon Smith coined the term "echo bubble"
to describe such typical post-bubble activity.
When a market bubble bursts, it is generally followed
by a secondary bubble, an "echo bubble"
- during which market psychology matches the extremes
of sentiment displayed in the first bubble. Typically,
markets do not find a genuine bear market bottom
until after the echo bubble pops. (Mark M.
Rostenko, "Look out below!", CBS MarketWatch,
March 18, 2004)
Etymology:
We've been using the word "bubble" to
refer to a fragile or insubstantial financial
scheme or situation since 1721 when Jonathan Swift,
commenting on the South Sea Company's disastrous
scheme to assume England's national debt, penned
the following lines in his poem, "The Bubble":
The Nation too late will find, Computing all their
Cost and Trouble, Directors' Promises but Wind,
South Sea at best a mighty Bubble. The new phrase
"echo bubble" is being
whispered throughout the financial community these
days as people wonder whether the stock market
gains of the past 18 months signal a fresh bull
market or presage another spectacular collapse
that will be the mirror of the late 90's tech-driven
bubble.
Synonyms:
tech-driven bubble; B-wave (1987) or a bubble
junior (2003)
eclectic
[ih-KLEK-tik]
1. Selecting what appears to be best in
various doctrines, methods, or styles.
2. Composed of elements drawn from various
sources; heterogeneous.
Example:
Old-school musicians joined with today's rising
stars to showcase an eclectic mix of music for
charity.
Etymology, more examples:
"Eclectic" comes from
a Greek verb meaning "to select" and
was originally applied to ancient philosophers
who were not committed to any single system of
philosophy; instead, these philosophers selected
whichever doctrines pleased them from every school
of thought. Later, the word's use broadened to
cover other selective natures. "Hard by,
the central slab is thick with books / Diverse,
but which the true eclectic mind / Knows how to
group, and gather out of each / Their frequent
wisdoms..." In this 19th century example
from a poem by Arthur Joseph Munby, for
example, the word is applied to literature lovers
who cull selective works from libraries.
ecstatic
of, relating to, or marked by a state of extreme
emotional excitement or rapturous delight
Example:
Carla was ecstatic when she received an acceptance
letter from the college she had set her heart
on attending.
Etymology:
"Ecstatic" has been used
in our language since at least 1590, and the noun
"ecstasy" is even older, dating
from the 1300s. Both derive from the Greek verb
"existanai" ("to put out
of place"), which was used in a Greek phrase
meaning "to drive someone out of his or her
mind". That seems an appropriate history
for words that can describe someone who is nearly
out of his or her mind with intense emotion. In
early use, "ecstatic"
was sometimes linked to mystic trances, out-of-body
experiences, and temporary madness. Today, however,
it most typically implies a state of enthusiastic
excitement or intense happiness.
edacious
- voracious
- insatiable
- ravenous
[ih-DAY-shuss]
1. Given to eating; having a huge appetite.
2. Excessively eager.
Synonyms: insatiable; ravenous.
Examples:
1) Fiona, an edacious reader, completed
a book every few days and usually had begun her
next one before she had finished her last.
2) Swallowed in the depths of edacious
Time. (Thomas Carlyle)
3) Something that... will dismay
edacious lips. ("The late showman,"
Independent, August 21, 1999)
4) Our... high-toned irritability,
edacious appetites, and pampered constitutions.
(Isaac Taylor, Natural History of Enthusiasm)
History, more synonyms:
"Tempus edax rerum." That wise
Latin line by the Roman poet Ovid translates
as "Time, the devourer of all things."
Ovid's correlation between rapaciousness
and time is appropriate to a discussion of "edacious."
That English word is a descendant of "edax,
edac-" ("gluttonous, consuming"),
which is in turn a derivative of the Latin verb
"edere," meaning "to eat."
In its earliest known English uses, "edacious"
meant "of or relating to eating."
It later came to be used generally as a synonym
of "voracious," and it
has often been used specifically in contexts referring
to time. That's how Scottish essayist and historian
Thomas Carlyle used it when he referred
to events "swallowed in the depths of
edacious time."
eddy
[ED-ee]
1. A current of air or water running in
a direction contrary to the main current, or moving
in a circular direction.
Synonym: a whirlpool.
2. A tendency or current (as of opinion
or history) contrary to or separate from a main
current.
3. To move in an eddy or as if in an eddy;
to move in a circle.
4. To cause to move in an eddy or as if
in an eddy.
Examples:
1) Many inanimate systems have lifelike
qualities - flickering flames, snowflakes, cloud
patterns, swirling eddies in a river. (Paul
Davies, "The Fifth Miracle")
2) Egypt, like many countries, was
caught up in the eddies of the Great Depression,
which overtook Europe and America and which came
in Egypt just as the new graduates of the expanded
schooling were entering the workforce, looking
for the professional opportunities their education
had promised. (Leila Ahmed, "A Border
Passage")
3) The indifferent river swirls on,
eddying past small promontories where grass peeks
through the snow. (Roger Cohen, "Hearts
Grown Brutal")
4) The fragrant water is not completely
still but, stirred perhaps by his own entry, seems
to eddy around him as if he were being bathed
in a rippling brook fed by hot springs, one that
cleanses itself even as it cleanses him. (Robert
Coover, "Ghost Town")
Etymology:
"Eddy" is from Middle
English "ydy", probably of Scandinavian
origin.
edify
[ED-uh-fye]
1. To instruct and improve especially in
moral and religious knowledge.
2. To enlighten, inform.
Example:
Jesse told the congregation, "The inspiring
sermons of our new minister will edify you and
propel you to greater spirituality."
Etymology, more meanings:
The Latin noun "aedes," meaning
"house" or "temple," is the
root of "aedificare," a verb
meaning "to erect a house." Generations
of speakers built on that meaning, and by the
Late Latin period, the verb had gained the figurative
sense of "to instruct or improve spiritually."
The word eventually passed through Anglo-French
before Middle English speakers adopted it as "edify"
during the 14th century. Two of its early meanings,
"to build" and "to establish,"
are now considered archaic.
efface
[ih-FAYS]
1. To cause to disappear by rubbing out,
striking out, etc.; to erase; to render illegible
or indiscernible.
2. To destroy, as a mental impression;
to wipe out; to eliminate completely.
3. To make (oneself) inconspicuous.
Examples:
1) Her fingerprints were gone, she
thought. Effaced. (Rosellen Brown, "Half
a Heart")
2) Death, so omnipresent in the
past that it was familiar, would be effaced, would
disappear. (Philippe Aries, "Western Attitudes
Toward Death from the Middle Ages to the Present")
3) Conversely, as a reaction, one
may note in passing that more serious and dedicated
writers choose to keep a low profile and to disguise
or to efface themselves as much as possible.
(Sergio Perosa, "The Heirs of Calvino and
the Eco Effect," New York Times, August 16,
1987)
Etymology:
"Efface" comes from French
"effacer", from Old French "esfacier",
from "es-" ("out",
from Latin "ex-") + "face"
(from Latin "facies").
efficacious
- Effective
- efficient
- effectual
[ef-ih-KAY-shuhs]
Having the power to produce a desired effect;
possessing the quality of being effective; producing,
or capable of producing, the effect intended;
as, an efficacious law.
Examples:
1) Lawyers make claims not because
they believe them to be true, but because they
believe them to be legally efficacious. (Paul
F. Campos, "Jurismania")
2) Henri IV wrote to his son's nurse,
Madame de Montglat, in 1607 insisting 'it is my
wish and my command that he be whipped every time
he is stubborn or misbehaves, knowing full well
from personal experience that nothing in the world
is as efficacious'. (Katharine MacDonogh, "Reigning
Cats and Dogs: A History of Pets at Court")
3) Since the Renaissance Plagued
by rats, the citizens of Hamelin desperately seek
some efficacious method of pest control. (Francine
Prose, review of "The Pied Piper of Hamelin,
as retold by Robert Holden", New York Times,
August 16, 1998)
Etymology, synonyms, more examples:
"Efficacious" is from
Latin "efficax", "-acis",
from "efficere" ("to effect,
to bring about"), from "ex-"
("out") + "facere"
("to do or make").
"Effective," "efficient,"
and "effectual" are synonyms
of "efficacious," but
each of these words has a slightly different connotation.
"Efficacious" suggests
possession of a special quality or virtue that
makes it possible to achieve a result ("a
detergent that is efficacious in removing grease").
"Effective" stresses the
power to produce or the actual production of a
particular effect ("an effective rebuttal"),
while "effectual" suggests
the accomplishment of a desired result, especially
as viewed after the fact ("measures taken
to reduce underage drinking have proved effectual").
"Efficient" implies an
acting or potential for acting that avoids loss
or waste of energy ("an efficient small
car").
effrontery
[ih-FRUN-tuh-ree]
Insulting presumptuousness; shameless boldness.
Synonym: insolence.
Examples:
1) Who would have the effrontery
to treat the chairman in this way? (Tom King,
"The Operator")
2) Passionately she sang of Yoshitsune,
her love and yearning for him, and her joy that
he had successfully managed to evade his evil
half-brother Yoritomo. Yoritomo was torn between
rage at such effrontery and pleasure at the exquisite
beauty of her voice. (Lesley Downer, "Women
of the Pleasure Quarters")
Etymology:
"Effrontery" is from French
"effronterie", ultimately from
Late Latin "effrons, effront-"
- "shameless," literally "without
forehead" (to blush with), from Latin "ex-"
("out of") + "frons, front-"
("forehead").
effulgence
- effulgent
- fulgent
- Refulgence
- brilliance
[i-FUL-juhn(t)s]
The state of being bright and radiant; splendor;
brilliance.
Examples:
1) The purity of his private character
gave effulgence to his public virtues. (Congressman
Henry Lee's Eulogy for George Washington, 1799)
2) The setting sun as usual shed
a melancholy effulgence on the ruddy towers of
the Alhambra. (Washington Irving, "The
Alhambra")
3) Nice gave him a different light
from Paris - a high, constant effulgence with
little gray in it, flooding broadly across sea,
city and hills, producing luminous shadows and
clear tonal structures. (Robert Hughes, "Inventing
A Sensory Utopia," Time, November 17, 1986)
4) Though autumn's effulgence has
passed in the north, down south the Chinese tallow
trees have just begun a respectable display of
their own.
History, related words, synonyms:
English speakers first took a shine to "effulgence"
in the late 1600s, but it has older relatives
in the English language. It derives from Latin
"ex-" ("out of, from")
and the Latin verb "fulgere,"
which means "to shine," a word that
is also the root of "fulgent,"
a synonym of "radiant" that English
speakers have used since the 15th century. The
adjective form of the word is effulgent.
"Refulgence" also appeared
in the 1600s - but in the earlier half - and has
a close meaning to "effulgence."
It means "a radiant or resplendent quality
or state" and, like "effulgence,"
is synonymous with "brilliance."