On the relationship between listening comprehension motivation and listening comprehension among the Iranian EFL learners

By Seyed mohammad Jafari (M.A.),
Department of Foreign Languages & Linguistics,
College of Literature and Humanities ,
Shiraz Azad University,
Tell/Fax: 0098-711-6241512,

seyedmohammadjafari at gmail com

Seyed Mohammad Jafari holds an MA in TEFL from Department of Foreign Languages and Linguistics of Shiraz University. He is currently teaching general English at Shiraz Azad University.

The present study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between Iranian EFL learners’ listening comprehension (LC) and their English listening comprehension motivation (ELCM). It was also aimed at determining the role of gender and years of university study in LC and ELCM. Sixty four Iranian EFL students (32 males and 32 females), majoring in Teaching English as a Foreign Language at the Marvdasht Azad University participated in this study. They included freshmen, sophomores, juniors, and seniors.

Participants' listening comprehension motivation was measured by English listening comprehension motivation scale (ELCMS) developed by Hsu from Chang's Intrinsic Motivation Orientation Scale (2001). A portion of TOEFL test of language proficiency constructed by the Educational Testing Service (ETS, 2001) was used to determine listening comprehension proficiency level of the participants. The results revealed that the relationship between ELCM and LC was positive and significant. That is, the higher the level of ELCM these students obtained, the higher the score they attained on the LC test and vice versa. This result indicates that ELCM enhances foreign language listening.

An analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the level of listening proficiency contributes to the years of university study. That is, the level of LC proficiency increases as a function of years of university study. Considering the ELCM and years of university study, no relation was found. In addition, in this study the data showed no significant difference between males and females’ listening comprehension motivation scores.

Key words: Listening comprehension (LC), English listening comprehension motivation (LCM), L2 listeners, English as a foreign language (EFL), motivation.

For many years, listening skills did not receive priority in language teaching since it was widely assumed that listening skill is a passive skill, one that should not be thought apart from the other language skills. However, in 1970's, researchers began to understand the importance of listening comprehension (LC) in language development and placed more value on listening skills in their language instruction approaches (Asher, 1977; Gattegno, 1972; Krashen, 1982; Lozanov, 1979; Terrell, 1982). This recognition has inspired researchers to review the factors that may influence LC. Rubin (1994) reviewed more than 120 studies and came to the conclusion that five major factors influence LC: (1) text characteristics, (2) interlocutor characteristics, (3) task characteristics, (4) listener characteristics, and (5) process characteristics. Goh (1998) identified factors that affect learner's LC. The five most important factors were vocabulary, prior knowledge, speech rate, type of input, and speaker's accent. Goh (2000) also identified ten second language (L2) listening problems: five of the problems relate to the perception phase of listening, three to the parsing, and two to the utilization phase. Both more- and less-proficient listeners experienced similar problems. However, research on L2 LC has paid little attention on one of the important dimension of the listening process, the listener's point of view (Lynch, 1998 as cited in Kim, 2000). One of the listener's individual personality and point of view that can affect LC is a motivation which has not received the research attention it deserves. Without having an interest in and a motivation for learning, students get bored with taking part in listening classes, normally, such feeling leads them to acquire passive attitude toward this skill and making less progress in LC . By taking into account these gaps that LC still remains a young field that merits greater research attention (Rubin, 1994) and that, to author knowledge no inquiry into relationship between listening comprehension and listening comprehension motivation and individual differences such as gender, and years of university study has been carried out to date in Iran. The author inspired to carry out above-mentioned research among Iranian EFL learners. The following research questions formed the basis of the study.

The subjects for this study were sixty four students of Teaching English as a foreign language at Shiraz Azad University in the first semester of Iranian academic year 2008/2009. Of the 64 participants, 50% were male and 50% were female. With respect to years of university study, the participants consisted of freshmen, sophomores, juniors, and seniors. The participants were conveniently sampled as going through randomization was not practical. The consent forms of the subjects were obtained before the study began.

The two instruments used to collect data from the subjects included: a) A portion of TOEFL test of language proficiency constructed by the Educational Testing Service (ETS, 2001) was used. The test given to the students consisted of 20 listening questions which aimed to measure their listening comprehension. The attempt was to choose a test that was not available to the students; b) the Persian version of the English Listening Comprehension Motivation Scale (ELCMS) to asses the level of students' motivation for practicing English listening comprehension. The items used in the ELCMS were developed by Hsu from Chang's Intrinsic Motivation Orientation Scale (2001) (see Appendix A). This motivation scale consists of 24 statements, and theses 24 statements are scored on a five pint Likert Scale, ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree. The reason for using the Persian version of this questionnaire was that the researcher wanted to make sure that the learners have no problem in understanding the questions. In this way the language barrier is minimized and understanding may be enhanced. The procedure of back translation was used to validate the Persian questionnaire. Therefore, three English language teachers translated the original questionnaire into Persian and three others back translated the Persian questionnaire into English. An expert on translation was asked to validate the translated English version. He approved of the similarity between the two versions. The reliability index of the LC test was 0.77, which is high enough to be satisfactory. The internal consistency of the Persian version of ELCMS administered in this study, which was measured through Cronbach alpha, was .92.

Prior to the initiation of the study, the students were informed about the purpose of the study to demonstrate that the study would be of value to the participants as well as to the entire field of EFL instruction and learning. The participants were also provided with the necessary information about what they were required to do in the study. The current study was conducted in two stages during one of the class meetings of the participants with the approval of their instructors. In the first stage, LC test was administered in the classroom. In the second stage, the ELCMS was distributed among the students. The confidential nature of the study and the respondents' anonymity were described to all of the subjects.

The data gathered on the characteristics of the subjects under study were analyzed by the following statistical methods, using version 16.0 of SPSS for windows, which is a special software package developed for statistical analysis in the social sciences.

As can be observed in the above table, the participants’ scores on the test ranged from a minimum of 1 to a maximum of 18, with an average score of 8.12 and a standard deviation of 4.13. Based on the range (17) and the SD (4.13), the scores are slightly spread along the horizontal axis. The analysis of the scores of different groups of the participants on LC test revealed the descriptive statistics presented in Table 2.

Table 2. Descriptive statistics for different groups of the participants on LC

According to the LC test results, the mean of participants increases as the years of university study goes up. Table 3 displays descriptive statistics for males and females’ scores on the LC test.

Descriptive statistics for two sexes on the LC test

As can be seen in this Table, the average score of males is 8.5312 with a standard deviation of 4.48643 and that of females is 7.7188 with a standard deviation of 3.76944. Descriptive statistics for the ELCMS scores are shown in Table 4.

Table 4. Descriptive statistics for Listening Comprehension Motivation Scale

Descriptive statistics for Listening Comprehension Motivation Scale

As can be seen in the Table above, the scores ranged between 48 (the score indicating the lowest motivation level in this study) and 84 (the score indicating the highest motivation level in this study), with an average score of 65.7125. Quite a wide variability in the scores is shown by standard deviation (7.13817). Table 5 reveals the descriptive statistics for different groups of the participants’ scores on LCMS.

Table5. Descriptive statistics for different groups of the participants’ scores on

Descriptive statistics for different groups of the participants’ scores on

According to the results of LCMS questionnaire, the mean score of the freshmen is 63.6875 with a standard deviation of 8.25202 and that of the sophomores is 64.1250 with a standard deviation of 7.15425. Juniors’ average score is 68.0625 and the standard deviation of their scores is 5.75579. Finally, the mean of the seniors’ scores is 66.9750 and the standard deviation of their scores is 6.85152. Table 6 displays descriptive statistics for males and females’ scores on ELCMS.

As can be seen in this Table, the average score of males is 65.7062 with a standard deviation of 8.03139 and that of females is 65.7188 with a standard deviation of 6.24879. To determine the possible effect of gender on LC and FLCA scores, two independent t-tests were run. Table 7 presents the results of the t-test for the LC scores.

The data reported in Table 7 reveal no significant difference between males and females’ listening comprehension scores (t= -.784 p> 0.05). This means that males and females have performed similarly on the listening comprehension test. Table 8 summarizes the results of the t-test for the males and females’ scores on the ELCM questionnaire. .

Table 8. T-test results for the males and females’ scores on the LCM Scale

As far as the impact of gender on LCMS scores is concerned, the results showed no statistically significant difference between the males and females’ scores (t= -.007, p> 0.05). To determine the role of years of university study on LC and ELCMS, two one -way ANOVAs were conducted for both separately. Table 9 shows the results of one-way ANOVA for LC.

One-way ANOVA results for the LC scores

A univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA), using years of university study as the independent variable, revealed statistically significant differences across the level of LC scores of first, second, third, and forth-year students of English, ( F=50.869, df=3, p=0.0001). That is, students LC scores appeared to increase as a function of years of university study. In order to locate the difference between the four groups, a post hoc (Scheffe) test was run. The results of this test appears in Table 10. Table 10 displays the results of Scheffe for the LC scores.

Scheffe Test on the LC scores

The above Table clearly shows that seniors outperformed other levels. Moreover, the results show that freshmen and sophomores performed rather similarly on the test. Table 11 summarizes the results of the one-way ANOVA for the LCMS scores.

One-way ANOVA results for the LCMS scores

Table 11 reveals no significant difference (F= 1.470 p> 0.05) in level of LCMS experienced by the four groups of students– freshmen, sophomores, juniors and seniors. To ascertain the relationship between the LC and LCMS scores, Pearson correlation analysis was carried out. Table 12 shows the results of the correlational analysis.

The results displayed in this Table show a significant positive correlation between the LCMS and the LC scores (p-value= .008, p< 0.05), which indicates that students who obtained higher LCMS had higher LC scores and vice versa.

In this section, the research questions presented in this article are dealt with one by one. Each question will be answered based on the findings of the study.

First the results indicated that gender does not play a significant role in Iranian EFL students’ LC scores. This result is consistent with outcomes reported by other researchers who investigated the relation between listening comprehension and gender. For example, Markham (1988) found no significant difference between male and female ESL students in their level of listening comprehension. Bacon (1992) looked at university students of Spanish and failed to find a significant relationship between gender and listening comprehension. Kariminian (2001) studied the effect of speakers' and listeners' gender on listening comprehension among Iranian EFL learners, also found no significant difference between males and females in their level of listening comprehension. Jafari (2008) also found no significant difference between male and female EFL students in their listening comprehension. The results also indicated that years of university study plays a significant role in LC scores. It can be concluded that the level of Iranian EFL learners’ LC score is affected by years of university study. This appears reasonable as the result of the increase in years of study the students become more knowledgeable and develop more strategies to understand spoken message. This outcome is consistent with results reported by Jafari (2008) who investigated the relationship between listening comprehension and foreign language classroom anxiety among Iranian EFL learners.

Second, the result of t-test concerning the effect of gender as an independent variable on LCMS as a dependent variable showed no significant difference between male and female in their LCMS. This finding is consistent with the outcomes reported by some researchers. Fore instance, Chen (2007) who investigated ESL students' learning motivations and learning strategies also found no significant differences between female and male students' motivations. However, this finding contrasts with the results of some other studies in which no significant relation between LCM and gender was observed. Fore example, Hsu (2006) who investigated listening comprehension motivation among Taiwanese students indicated that females had a higher motivation than males for learning English and practicing English listening. The results also showed that years of university study does not play a significant role in Iranian EFL learners’ LCM. Considering the effect of years of university on LCM one-way ANOVA revealed no significant difference among four groups of the learners.

Third, a significant positive correlation between LCMS and LC was found in this study. This correlation is significant at the 0.05 level. It can be concluded that the higher the level of LCMS, the higher the level of LC and vise versa. It can be concluded that students with higher motivation spent more time, created more opportunities and paid more attention to developing and enhancing their English listening comprehension. Thus, they were more capable of understanding or guessing the main ideas and points of the content they were listening to and as a result they obtained higher scores on their listening comprehension test. This finding is consistent with the findings of Hsu (2006), he found a high positive correlation between LC scores and LCMS among Taiwanese students. Zhang (2000) indicated that listening should involve a variety of techniques to motivate students and keep their interests high in the contents. In this way, students can make good progress in listening comprehension. Also, Dornyei (1990), Gardner and Macintyre (1991), Clement, Dornyei, and Noels (1994) in their studies revealed that motivation is significantly related to second language learning. Failing test might debilitate a student's self-confidence, resulting in anxiety, and a lower motivation for practicing English listening.

With respect to the results of the present study, a number of pedagogical implications can be provided which might prove useful for language instructors, especially helping them to increase students’ level of motivation in the classroom during listening tasks. The present study offers evidence to support the theory that listening comprehension motivation exists in foreign language learning and it has a positive relationship with listening competence. Thus, efforts should be devoted to recognizing factors that can improve EFL learners' motivation. Fore example, listening text book designers and material developers should provide learners with more real life listening exercises which pave the way to motivate language learners to be involved in listening activities. Students may be motivated to learn and improve their listening comprehension if appropriate listening materials are provided. According to Brown (1994b), listening instructions must be intrinsically motivating. He also mentioned that background knowledge plays an important role in the improvement of listening comprehension. Once the lesson content and teaching techniques retrieve listeners' background knowledge and appeal to their interest, listeners are motivated to learn language (Brown, 1994b). Teachers should provide positive feedback at every step of listening instruction. As Sheerin (1987) indicated, recurring failure can produce vague but accumulated fear about listening, resulting in a “real psychological barrier to effective listening” (p. 129). Thus, successful listeners should receive appropriate encouraging feedback after finishing each exercise, while unsuccessful learners need to recognize and to practice to overcome their weakness with warm support from instructors. Practically speaking, guidance of this kind requires more time and effort from L2 teachers. However, by providing such scaffolding, teachers will give students tools that will allow them to feel they have some control over their listening comprehension. Teachers should try to increase students' motivation in the classroom. In order to achieve such goal, they should try to create an enjoyable, more relaxed atmosphere in the classroom for language learners, prepare and present language activities thoughtfully and carefully based on the learners' needs, produce and develop a warm and friendly relationship with learners, increase the second language self-confidence of the learners, make language class bustling and fascinating, and promote learner autonomy.

First, it is difficult to measure students’ affective variables under the most favorable circumstances because of untruthful or careless responses some subjects may provide. They may be reluctant or unable to report on their own emotional states accurately. Second, it should be pointed out that a correlation between LC and LCM does not automatically imply a direct cause-and-effect relationship because unidentified variables may influence the relationships between LC and LCM scores; therefore, this should be kept in mind when reading the discussion of the results.

The findings of this study suggest that further research could be undertaken in several ways.

All in all, continued research is needed to further clarify the relation between language motivation and listening comprehension. New findings will increase the understanding of teachers and researchers about the importance of motivation in listening settings, and it is hoped that these deeper insights will help them to enhance motivation and increase language achievement.

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The following statements are about your own attitudes, concepts, or situations of learning English listening comprehension. Please circle the scales in terms of how well the statements reflect your actual experience, thoughts, and feelings when you when you are learning listening comprehension.

2. I do not like to develop English listening comprehension because it makes me too much time.

3. I think that the person who has great ability in English listening can find a well-paid job more easily.

5. In order to improve my English listening comprehension, I will try to do the homework well and often spend time practicing it.

6. I often feel nervous and uncomfortable when learning English listening comprehension.

7. I often notice the materials and activities concerning English listening comprehension; for example, English program in the radio, English listening materials and tapes, CDs, and various English listening comprehension examinations.

8. I like to learn English listening comprehension because it is very important, and I feel confident of learning it well.

9. I think that English listening comprehension will not be helpful to me in the future.

10. I like to know the culture and customs of other countries, and often feel excited about getting new knowledge and information in English listening comprehension.

11. I am often unable to concentrate on the content of the materials when practicing English listening.

12. I attend English comprehension classes in earnest because I want to develop my listening skills and ability in order that I can use it in future.

13. I often actively show my ability in English listening and speaking in class, and I know I can perform very well.

14. I believe that I can learn English listening comprehension very well as long as I make a great effort.

15. I have a sense of achievement when I perform better than others in English listening comprehension class.

16. Because my English is poor, I do not like to attend English listening comprehension classes.

17. My purpose of developing the ability in English listening comprehension is to get good grades in tests and to receive compliments of my teachers and my parents.

18. If I am the only person that can answer the teacher's question, I feel excited.

20. When I can easily and smoothly understand English by listening, I feel satisfied and have a great confidence.

21. I hope the teachers and the classmates can notice that my English listening comprehension is better than other students.

22. After finishing taking English listening comprehension courses, I will not listen to the relevant materials anymore.

23. I do not like hard English listening materials because those make me feel anxious.

24. I would like to learn English listening comprehension well because I want to make friends with English speakers and hope to be able to go abroad for advanced study in the future.