A Study of the Adequacy and Effectiveness of Persian Translations of Drug Leaflets
By Mrs. Helen Ouliaei Nia,
Iran, Isfahan University, English Department,
Dr. Tahereh Changiz,
Tayebeh Sadat Hosseini
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Abstract
In this research, an attempt is made to analyze the adequacy and effectiveness
of Persian translation of the drug leaflets. As this seems
to be the first time that such a research is being done
in Iran, there is no data available in this regard. By translating
some of these drug leaflets and making a comparison between
these translated brochures and leaflets that are made in
Iran, we can achieve some information about the translatability
of these texts, in general, and the translatability of their
medical terms, in particular. A case study is to be carried
out with a group of physicians and a group of patients in
order to find out the effectiveness of drug leaflets and
to examine to what extent they are comprehensible to the
patients. There will be some questionnaires filled by a
group of patients and physicians and interviews made with
some patients to gain information about how this would be
healthy for patients if these texts are translated ; also
to what extent the patients can be informed of the side
effects of the consumed drugs by reading the leaflets translations;
and what their reaction will be after reading the translations:
quit consuming the drug or consult the physician. Then the
percentage of the pros and cons among physicians as well
as patients can be statistically examined. The strategies
which are used by the translators in translating medical
texts especially drug leaflets are also studied in this
research. Based on the findings of this research, it is
vital to translate the drug leaflets for patients to gain
some information about the drugs in order to consult their
physician if any problem occurs. The medical texts of the
drug leaflets are translatable except for the medical and
chemical terms and expressions of these texts that can be
replaced or accompanied by a description or an explanation
in parentheses to become understandable for the drug consumers,
i.e., the patients.
Key words: Anemia, drug
leaflets, instructions, medical terms, side–effect, translatability.
1. Introduction
As in the today world all sciences and technologies are interrelated and each
one is completing the other one, the relationship between
translation and specialized and technical terms of medicine
is going to be studied in this research. An attempt is made
to examine the translatability of drug leaflets as well
as its effectiveness for patients in the society while many
drugs imported into Iran are left untranslated by companies.
It will be worthy to know that to what extent the translation
of these drug leaflets is necessary in order to inform the
patients about the side - effect of drugs and also to figure
out their reaction after getting some information about
the drugs.
2. Research questions
1. To what extent is the translation
of drug leaflets (into Persian) possible?
2. How effective and understandable
are such translations for the target audience ( here the
consumers of medicine, e.g. pertaining to anemia, especially
educated patients above the level of secondary school in
Iran at the age of 20-40) and what are the possible consequences
of these translations for them?
3. What kind of strategies are
used by the translators in translating medical texts especially
drug leaflets?
3. Literature Review
Foster (1958:1) considers translation as the act of transferring through which
the content of a text is transferred from SL into TL. Catford
points out that, “translation is the replacement of textual
material in one language by equivalent textual material
in another language”(1965:20).
Wilss (1982: 3) points out: “Translation is a transfer which aims at the transformation
of a written SL text into an optimally equivalent TL text,
and which requires the syntactic, the semantic and the pragmatic
understanding and analytical processing of the SL.”
In addition, Nida( 1984 : 83 ) maintains: “translation consists in reproducing
in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent
of the source language message, first in terms of meaning
and secondly in terms of style”. Likewise, translation,
as Bell (1991: 8) asserts, involves the transfer of meaning
from a text in one language into a text in another language.
Benjamin (1923:16) holds that, “translatability is an essential quality certain
works, which is not to say that it is essential that they
be translated; it means rather that a specific significance
inherent in the original manifests itself in its translatability.”
Newmark (1988b: 17) believes that the “untranslatable” can be translated indirectly
by transferring the source item and explaining it if no
parallel item can be found in the TL. As a result, any message
can be indirectly or directly translated from a SL to TL
and, therefore, every thing is translatable (p.17).
Catford (1965: 32) distinguishes two kinds of untranslatability, that is: linguistic
untranslatability and cultural untranslatability.
· Linguistic untranslatability:
It occurs when there is no lexical or syntactical substitute
in the TL for a SL item.
· Cultural untranslatability:
It is due to the absence in the TL culture of a relevant
situational feature for the source text.
“Equivalence in translation should not be approached as a search for sameness,
since sameness cannot even exist between two TL versions
of the same text, let alone between the SL and TL version”
(Bassnett, 1994 : 29 ).
Widdoson ( 1979 : 105 ) believes that, “equivalence is not just linguistic and
semantic; it is also pragmatic”, and holds that, “we cannot
of course, by definition establish pragmatic equivalence
by considering isolated sentences but only by considering
what utterances count as in context”.
According to Vinay and Darbelnet (1995), Equivalence– oriented translation is
a procedure which replicates the same situation in the same
situation as the original, whilst using completely different
wording. They regard equivalence as the ideal method when
the translator has to deal with proverbs, idioms, clichés,
and onomatopoeia of animal sounds (223).
Regarding equivalence in the translation of medical texts, Borja Albi (2000:
2) believes that “when we try to explain the nature of translation,
the question of whether or not a relation of equivalence
exists between words, syntactic structures, or text types
inevitably / always comes up ( the term “identity” has also
been proposed ).”
Taking equivalence into consideration, Borja Albi (2000: 3) believes that “the
great majority of authors place themselves openly on the
speech level. Along this line we find authors such as House
(1981), the “skopos” theoreticians Nord (1988), Neubert
(1985), Hurtado (1990), etc., all of whom suggest looking
for dynamic, cultural and, what is even more interesting,
ephemeral equivalences.”
The lower quality of the translations of medical texts, she specifies, partly
due to the large volume of work that has been generated
and the lack of expert translators, which in turn has made
it necessary for doctors, with very little concern for the
language itself, to do the translating. In general, professionals
in the field of medicine are neither bothered by nor worried
about Anglicism, as many of them use an interlanguage which
is actually easier and more comfortable for them (Borja
Albi , 2000 : 12 ).
An informative text aims to enlarge the knowledge of its addressee on a specific
topic, by way of collecting data and information from different
sources. The main types of informative texts are didactic textbooks, encyclopedic entries,
scientific articles, newspaper articles, and tourist guides.
According to Peter Newmark (1988: 40- 41):
The core of the informative function of language
is external situation, the facts of a topic, reality outside
language, reported ideas or theories. For the purposes
of translation, typical ‘informative’ texts are concerned
with any topic of knowledge.
The format of an informative text is often standard: a
textbook, a technical report, an article in a newspaper
or a periodical, a scientific paper, a thesis, minutes
or agenda of a meeting. They are characterized by a formal,
non-emotive, technical style for academic papers, taking
in English passives, present and perfect tenses, literal
language, jargons, multi – noun compounds with 'empty'
verbs, no metaphors. A high proportion of informative
texts are poorly written and sometimes inaccurate; and
it is usually the translator’s job to correct their factual
details and their style. The majority of translations
nowadays are better than their originals.
Newmark (1993) asserts that ‘in an informative technical text, the translation's
function is to give the information clearly, neatly and
elegantly (this is its ‘literary’ quality), preferably in
professional language (technical and ordinary).’
He also maintains that:
In informative texts, long sentences beginning
with lists and concluding with verbs have their word order
unnecessarily retained. In an expressive text there are
often good reasons for preserving an idiosyncratic word
order, but the translator has to do this wittingly. In
other common cases, transferred word order can often impair
the logic and the clarity of a text’. Therefore, the translator
can correct the word order in the target language and
clarify it for the target audience.
Technical translation is attributed to a particular
field, subject, profession or business and should be put
into a genre of its own. Technical documents can be anything
from manuals to patents. Subjects include fields such as
automotive, hydraulics, optics, engineering (civil, marine,
mechanical, electrical), science and physics, to name just
a few. Because of its specialized nature, technical translations
need to be performed by translators specialized in the specific
field (Net translators, 2008).
According to Newmark (152):
The central difficulty in technical translation
is usually the new terminology. The best approach is to
underline what appears to be its key term. There may be
some technical neologisms which are context – free and
appear only in the source language. If they are context
– bound, it would be better to understand them by gradually
eliminating the less likely versions.
He (159) also puts that these texts can be translated sentence by sentence,
making grammatical shifts to form natural language. In a
technical translation, a translator can be free in recasting
grammar, i.e. cutting up sentences, transposing clauses,
converting verbs to nouns, etc., as in any other types of
informative text, provided the original is defective. A
translator should product a better text than the writer
of the original. According to Peter Newmark (1991: 49),
“the more technical the text, the less important the knowledge
of the foreign language; instead, the linguistic skill in
the home language comes first.”
Trimble (1985) refers to three lexical areas: 1) Technical vocabulary 2) Sub
– technical vocabulary and 3) Noun compounds. Identifying
these three types of vocabulary in specialist texts, Trimble
defines technical terms as ‘context – independent words
which occur with high frequency in the different disciplines.’
The result is that, Trimble maintains:
The students go to the dictionary and find no
definition that makes sense in the context, e .g., ‘arsenic
– fast virus’, fast in the example does not mean quick,
it means resistant, i. e. a virus which is resistant to
arsenic ( Trimble, 1985 ).
Larson ( 1984:182–183 ) suggests that in translating technical terminology,
many word combinations may occur; then, the translator must
always be on the alert so that he does not fall into the
error of a false literal translation since the meaning of
a combination as a whole cannot always be determined by
the meaning of the individual constituent parts.
Henry Fischbach (1961: 462) believes that ‘medical translations may be broadly
divided into two main categories, depending on their purpose:
information or promotion. A medical communication may inform
as it promotes, and vice versa. But a text intended solely
for internal information need not be as highly polished
stylistically as one prepared for external promotion.’ He
puts forward that ‘good translating is the rewriting
in the foreign language of the ideas contained in
the original. Indeed, we might even say that a good translator
ought to be as good a writer as the one who wrote the original’
(462). When the medical communication being translated is
intended for the private information of only a few individuals
the translator requires no specialized knowledge other than
the scientific subject matter of the translation, except
in the case of patents where experience with some legal
terminology is desirable ( Fischbach, 1961).
The translation team, Fischbach states, ‘as distinct from the individual translator,
is precisely the contribution a client comes to expect from
a competent medical translation service. The backbone of
such a team is, of course, the physician. Individuals are
keenly conscious of consistency of both layout and terminology;
and they are instructed in the peculiarities of foreign
typographical practices. This means – in addition to medical
men – stylists, editors, typists, and proof readers. Most
of these individuals on such a translation team, in addition
to being thoroughly bilingual, must also be familiar with
current medical style and terminology in the target area’
(Fischbach, 1961 : 463 ) .
He (464) also puts that 'there is quite a difference between the denotation
of a word, i.e., its core actual meaning, and its connotation
or marginal area, which suggests or implies overtones in
addition to its actual meaning. Another difficulty is that
even certain scientific words may look like perfectly safe
cognates, yet results in a mistranslation if used as such.'
For example, pepic ulcer is not ulcere
peptique but ulcere gastro –duodenal in
French and conversely anthrax in French is not anthrax
in English, but carbuncle. In German, the word Halsweh
is another such false friend that can be - shall we say
- a pain in the neck; yet to the German physician it connotes
sore throat (Fischbach, 1961: 464).
Sometimes it is even very difficult to translate what appear to be the simplest
English sentences:
Before translating a phrase such as: “The drug
has been found to be effective against acute otitis
and hepatitis,” it is necessary to determine whether
both otitis and hepatitis are acute, or whether only otitis is acute. If only otitis is acute then the adjective
in the foreign must be in the singular; if both are acute,
then the adjective must be in the plural (Fischbach, 1961:
466).
Fischbach (472) believes that ‘the writer of medical texts should write clear,
straightforward, descriptive English, particularly when
a product is involved: what is it, what will it do, how
will it do it, etc. He had better refrain from using strictly
domestic words or phrases. Too often the problem of translators
is having to interpret the English, and sometimes it is
not easy to know what the copywriter intended. When new
technical terminology has been coined, it is advisable to
give the translator some guidance, perhaps through a parenthetical
explanation. If the company has already established certain
slogans, trademarks, stylistic or lay out practices, or
new technical expressions in the particular foreign language,
they should give the translator a break and let him in on
it, for example by making available to him earlier published
translations on the particular product, process, or treatment.’
As a result, medical texts should be translated into a clear, comprehensible,
and straightforward target language. A word will not be
always replaced with a word in medical translation. Sometimes,
it is vital to substitute a term for a description or explanation
in order to make it more understandable for the target audience.
A footnote or parentheses are occasionally of great importance
to elucidate a medical term in the target language. Translators
of medical texts will have this freedom to change word order
and sentence order to clarify the original language of a
medical text. Therefore, a translated medical text, at times, can be much better and
more fluent than the original language.
4. Methodology
Each drug leaflet contains some information about the composition (ingredients)
of the drug, instructions about how to use the drug, the
possible side- effects of the drug, special warnings, and
dosage of the drug.
As many leaflets of the drugs imported into Iran are left untranslated, the
researcher will translate some of these leaflets and analyze
the translatability of the leaflets, in general, and translatability
of medical and chemical terms existing in these leaflets,
in particular.
Then the Persian drug leaflets are studied. Then the effectiveness of the translation
of drug leaflets for patients will be examined through questionnaires
and interviews. In the following, the percentage of pros
and cons among patients and physicians with the translation
of drug leaflets will be presented based on the questionnaires
filled by patients and physicians as well as the interviews
done with the patients.
5.
Materials
Some of the drug leaflets( e.g. about
30-40 used in general diseases such as anemia) will be translated
and then compared with translations of the leaflets provided
for the drugs made in the country to receive some information
about the translatability of the leaflets, in general, and
translatability of medical and chemical terms in these leaflets,
in particular. In addition, the effect of proper translation
of the drug leaflets for the consumers will be studied,
a point which has been neglected so far.
There must be some questionnaires filled
by a group of patients and physicians as well as interviews
made with some patients to gain information about how it
would be healthy for patients if these texts are translated
and also to what extent the patients can be informed of
the side effects of drugs by reading the leaflets translations;
and what their reaction will be after reading the translations:
quit consuming the drug or consult the physician. For this
section of research, a case study will be done with a group
of physicians (e.g. internists) on the one hand, and with
a group of patients who are interested in reading the leaflets
and in becoming acquainted with the side effects of drugs
imported to Iran, on the other hand. Then, the percentage
of the pros and cons among physicians as well as patients
can be examined.
6. Procedure
'Ironorm capsules' is a drug which
is used as a dietary supplement containing vitamins and
iron. The researcher is going to present the English text
of this leaflet as well as its translation done by the researcher.
(1) Ironorm capsules
Please read this leaflet carefully before
using before using this medicine. If you have any questions
or doubt about anything, ask your doctor or pharmacist.
Translation:
کپسول های
آيرنورم
لطفاً
قبل از مصرف
دارو، اين
بروشور را
به دقت بخوانيد.
درصورت داشتن
سوال یا ترديد
با پزشک يا
داروساز مشورت
کنيد.
Each capsules contains
Ferrous sulphate Exsicc.BP 195 mg,
Folic Acid Bp 1.7 mg, Thiamine Hydrochloride BP 1 mg, Riboflavine
2 mg, Ascorbic Acid Bp 15 mg, nicotinamide Bp 10 mg.
Translation:
هر کپسول
شامل اين مواد
است:
فروس سولفات
خشک (195 ميلی
گرم)، فوليک
اسيد (7/1 ميلی
گرم)، تيامين
هيدروکلريد
(1ميلی گرم)، ريبوفلاوين
( 2 ميلی گرم)،
اسيد آسکوربيک
(15 ميلی گرم)،
نيکوتيناميد
(نياسيناميد
– 10 ميلی گرم).
In addition to the above ingredients, the capsules also contain Vegetable Oil,
Fat mix, Lecithin, Coat, Gelatin, Glycerin, Sorbital Solution,
Potassium Sorbate, Black Iron Oxide, Carmine Red, Yellow
Iron Oxide, Titanium Dioxide.
Translation:
علاوه بر عناصر
سازنده ای
که در بالا
ذکر شد، اين
کپسول ها همچنين
شامل روغن
گياهی، مخلوط
چربی، لسیتین،
پوشش، ژلاتين،
گلیسرين،
محلول سوربيتال
(قندالکلی
شش کربنه که
در تعداد زيادی
از ميوه ها
وجود دارد)،
پتاسيم سوربات،
اکسيد آهن
سياه، کارمين
قرمز رنگ (ماده
قرمز رنگی
که به عنوان
يک رنگ فيزيولوژيک
کاربرد دارد،
اکسيد آهن
زرد رنگ و دی
اکسيد تيتانيوم
است.
Ironorm capsules are available in packs of 25 and 100.
Translation:
کپسول های
آيرنورم در
بسته های 25 تايي
و 100 تايي موجود
هستند.
Ferros sulphate is a source of Iron in a form which can be absorbed by the body.
Folic Acid, thiamine hydrochloride, Riboflavine and Nicotinanide
are considered as part of the B vitanins. Folic acid taken
before and during pregnancy provides some protection against
neural tube defects (Spina bifida). Ascorbic acid is vitamin
C.
Translation:
فروس سولفات
منبع آهن به
شکل قابل جذب
برای بدن است.
فوليک اسيد،
تيامين هيدروکلريد،
ريبوفلاوين
و نيکوتيناميد
جزو ويتامين
های B هستند. فوليک
اسيد که قبل
و بعد از دوران
بارداری مصرف
می شود، جهت
پيشگيری از
نارسايي های
لوله عصبی در
جنين (اسپينابيفيديا:
يک ناهنجاری
تکاملی که
مشخصه آن نقص
در بسته شدن
محفظه ی استخوانی
نخاع است) استفاده
می شود. اسيد
آسکوربيک
همان ويتامين
C است.
Ironorm Capsules are for the treatment of iron and vitamin deficiency states
and as a dietary supplement during pregnancy.
Translation:
کپسول های
آيرنورم برای
درمان کمبود
آهن و ويتامين
و به عنوان
يک مکمل غذايي
در دوران بارداری
استفاده می
شود.
Ironorm capsules are used for the following:
- As a dietary supplement when trying
to become pregnant.
- As a dietary supplement during pregnancy.
- As a treatment for Iron and Vitamin deficiency states.
Translation:
کپسول های
آيرنورم برای
موارد زير
مصرف می شود:
- به عنوان
يک مکمل غذايي
برای خانم
هايي که قصد
دارند باردار
شوند.
- به عنوان
يک مکمل غذايي
در دوران بارداری.
- به عنوان
درمان کمبود
آهن و ويتامين.
You should not use
this medicine if you are sensitive to any of the ingredients.
Ironorm Capsules and tetracyclines may interfere with absorption
of each other.
The absorption of the Iron component of Ironorm Capsules will be reduced when
taking certain medicines such as penicillamine, antacids
and cholestyramine; certain foods and drinks such as tea,
eggs, or milk may also reduce iron absorption.
Translation:
چنانچه
به هر يک از
اجزای موجود
در اين دارو
حساسيت داريد،
از مصرف دارو
خود داری کنيد.
کپسول های
آيرنورم و
تتراسايکلين
ممکن است در
جذب يکديگر
اختلال ايجاد
کنند. هنگامی
که برخی داروها
نظير پنی سيلامين،
ضد اسيدها
و کلستيرامين
استفاده شود،
جذب عنصر آهن
کپسولهای
آيرنورم کاهش
می يابد، غذاها
و نوشيدنی
های خاصی نظير
چای، تخم مرغ،
و شير نيز ممکن
است جذب آهن
را کاهش دهد.
You should inform your doctor or pharmacist
before taking this medicine if any of the following apply
to you:
* you are taking chloramphenicol (which
will delay elimination of iron).
* you are pregnant or trying to become
pregnant (unless you have been prescribed Ironorm Capsules
for this reason).
Translation:
چنانچه
هريک از موارد
زير درمورد
شما صدق می
کند، بهتر
است قبل از
مصرف اين دارو،
دکتر و يا دارو
سازر خود را
مطلع کنيد:
درحال مصرف
کلرامفنيکل
هستيد (چون
دفع آهن را
به تأخير می
اندازد).
باردار
هستيد و يا
قصد باردار
شدن داريد
(مگر در شرايطی
که کپسول آيرنورم
به اين دليل
تجويز شده
باشد).
Special warnings
Do not exceed the stated dose.
Keep all medicines out of reach of children.
Translation:
هشدارهای
خاص
بيشتر از
مقدار تعيين
شده مصرف نکنيد.
تمام داروها
را دور از دسترس
کودکان نگه
داريد.
Dosage
* As a dietary supplement before and
during pregnancy: one capsule with a meal.
* For the treatment of iron deficiency states: one capsule three times daily
with meals.
Or as directed by a physician.
Translation:
مقدار مصرف
*به عنوان
يک مکمل غذايی
قبل از بارداری
ودرحين بارداری:
يک کپسول همراه
با يک وعدة
غذايی.
* برای درمان
کمبود آهن:
روزانه سه
کپسول با وعده
های غذايی.
و يا طبق
دستور پزشک
.
Overdose
If you have taken too may Ironorm Capsules,
you should consult your doctor or hospital immediately,
if possible you should take the packaging and this leaflet
with you.
Translation:
مصرف بيش از
حد دارو
چنانچه
از کپسول های
آيرنورم بيش
از اندازه
مصرف کرديد،
بهتر است بلافاصله
با دکتر و يا
بيمارستان
مشورت نماييد
و درصورت امکان
بستة دارو
و اين دستورالعمل
را به همراه
داشته باشيد.
Side effects
The medicine may cause some minor unwanted
side effects. These can include: Anorexia, nausea, vomiting,
gastrointestinal discomfort, constipation, diarrhea, dark
stools and allergic reactions.
Translation:
عوارض جانبی
اين دارو
ممکن است سبب
برخی عوارض
جانبی ناخواسته
و جزئی شود.
اين عوارض
عبارتند از
:
بی اشتهايی،
تهوع، استفراغ،
ناراحتی های
گوارشی، يبوست،
اسهال، تيره
رنگ شدن مدفوع
و واکنش های
حساسيت.
If these effects are severe or persist
for more than a few days then discontinue use of the medicine
and consult your doctor.
Translation:
چنانچه این
عوارض شدید
باشد و یا بیش
از چند روز
ادامه یابد،
مصرف دارو
را قطع کنید
و با پزشک خود
مشورت کنید.
If you experience any unexpected side effects not
mentioned above or the effects are more than minor, then
you should consult your doctor.
Translation:
چنانچه
عوارض جانبی
پيش بينی نشده
ای، غير از
آنچه دربالا
ذکر شد، مشاهده
کرديد و يا
عوارضی درشما
ايجاد کرد
که جزئی نيست،
با پزشک خود
مشورت نماييد.
Do not use after the expiry date marked
on the carton. Store between 4c and 25c.
Translation:
پس از تاريخ
انقضای مشخص
شده در روی
جعبه ، از دارو
استفاده نکنيد.
بين 4 تا
25 درجة سانتيگراد
نگهداری شود.
A Product of:
Wallace Manufacturing
Chemists Ltd.,
52 Queen Anne Street,
London W1M9LA,
England.
Leaflet revised: 03 February 1999
Ho34-2.
Translation:
محصولی
از : شرکت توليدات
دارويی والس.
خيابان
کويين آن شماره
52،
لندن W1M9LA،
انگلستان.
بروشور
اصلاح شده:
3 فوریه ی 1999 ( (HO34-2
(2)'Fefol' is a kind of spansule capsules which is used for anemia.
The researcher is going to present its English text as well
as its translation done by the researcher.
FORM- AND –PRESENTATION
Clear, colorless capsules, transparent green –capped and filled with a mixture
of red, pale yellow and white pellets.
Each SPANSULE sustained –release capsule contains 150 mg dried ferros sulphate
BP (47 mg elemental iron)and 500 micrograms folic acid BP.
The iron is especially formulated for sustained release over a period of several
hours.
Translation:
شکل و معرفی
دارو
کپسول
های صاف و بی
رنگ، با کلاهک
سبز شفاف که
با مخلوطی
از گلوله های
قرمز، زردکم
رنگ و سفید
پرشده است.
هرکپسول پیوسته
رهش اسپانسول
شامل 150 میلی
گرم فروس سولفات
خشک شده (47 میلی
گرم آهن اولیه
) و 500 میگروگرم
فولیک اسید
است. آهن موجود
درآن به ویژه
به منظور جذب
آرام درطی
چند ساعت ساخته
شده است.
USES
FEFOL is a haematinic preparation for prophylaxis of iron and folic acid deficiency
during pregnancy.
Translation:
ففول به
عنوان یک فرآوردة
خون ساز به
منظور پیشگیری
از کمبود آهن
و فولیک اسید
در دوران بارداری
استفاده می
شود.
DOSAGE- AND-ADMINISTRATION
Adults only: 1 FEFOL SPANSULE Capsule
a day during pregnancy. Some pregnant patients may need
a higher prophylactic dose of iron because of dietary or
other factors.
Translation:
مقدار مصرف
و اعمال دارو
فقط برای
بزرگسالان
: 1کپسول اسپانسول
ففول در روز
در دوران بارداری.
برخی بیماران
باردار ممکن
است به علت
رژیم غذایی
و یا عوامل
دیگر به میزان
بیشتری از
آهن جهت جلوگیری
از کم خونی
نیاز داشته
باشند.
CONTRA-INDICATIONS, WARNINGS, ETC.
Contra-indications: Do not use in patients hypersensitive to the product or those with iron overload.
Precautions: Care should be taken in patients who may develop iron overload ,such as those
with haemochromatosis, haemolytic anaemia or red cell aplasia.
Failure to respond to treatment may
indicate other causes of anaemia and should be further investigated.
The folic acid content of one capsule a day is unlikely to mask pernicious
anemia should this condition be present; pregnancy during
pernicious anemia is very rare.
Iron chelates with tetracyclines and
absorption of both agents may be impaired. Absorption of
iron may be impaired by penicillamine and by antacids. Such
potential interactions can be reduced by separating administration
of each product by several hours.
Translation:
موارد منع
مصرف دارو
، هشدارها
و غیره
موارد منع
مصرف دارو: این دارو
را برای بیمارانی
که به شدت به
آن حساسیت
دارند و یا
مقدار آهن
بدن آنها بیش
از حد است،
به کار نبرید.
اقدامات
احتیاطی: در مورد بیمارانی
که ممکن است
مصرف دارو
سبب ازدیاد
آهن در آن ها
شود نظیر افرادی
که به هموکروماتوز
( یکی از اختلالات
متابولیسم
آهن که به صورت
رسوب آهن در
بافتها، برنزه شدن
پوست، پیگمانتاسیون،
سیروز کبدی
و دیابت شیرین
بروز می کند)،
کم خونی همالیتیک
و یا آپلازی
گلبول قرمز(
آپلازی: عدم
تکوین تکامل
یک ارگان یا
بافت و یا محصولات
سلولی یک ارگان
یا بافت) مبتلا
هستند، مراقب
باشید.
اگر با
مصرف این دارو،
علایم بهبود
کم خونی مشاهده
نشود، ممکن
است سایر علل
سبب کم خونی
شده باشند
و باید بررسی
بیشتری انجام
شود.
بعید به
نظر میرسد
که محتوای
فولیک اسید
یک کپسول در
روز بتواند
علایم کم خونی
پرنیسیوز
را مخفی کند
و حتی اگر این
وضعیت اتفاق
بیفتد، باردار
شدن در زمان
کم خونی وخیم
( پرنیسیوز)
بسیلر نادر
است.
آهن با
تتراسایکلین
ترکیب می شود
و بنابراین
جذب هر دو مختل
می شود. جذب
آهن ممکن است
توسط پنی سیلامین
و ضد اسیدها
مختل شود. چنین
تآ ثیرات متقابل
احتمالی را
می توان با
حفظ فاصله
ی زمانی به
مدت چند ساعت
بین خوردن
داروها، کاهش
داد.
Use is pregnancy:
FEFOL should not be used during the first trimester
of pregnancy. Prophylaxis of iron and folate deficiency
during the remainder of pregnancy is justified.
Translation:
مصرف در
دوران بارداری
ففول در
طی سه ماهه
اول بارداری
نباید مصرف
شود. پیشگیری
از کمبود آهن
و فولات (شکل
آنیونی اسید
فولیک ) دربقیة
دوران بارداری
منطقی است.
Adverse reactions: Dark stools are usual during iron therapy, and nausea and other symptoms of
gastrointestinal irritation, such as anorexia, vomiting,
discomfort, constipation and diarrhea are sometimes encountered.
FEFOL SPANSULE capsules are designed to reduce the possibility
of gastrointestinal irritation .There have been rare reports
of allergic reactions.
Translation:
واکنش های
نامطلوب: مدفوع
تيره رنگ درحين
درمان با مواد
آهن دارشايع
است ، تهوع
وساير علايم
آزردگی دستگاه
گوارش نظير
بی اشتهايی
، استفراغ،
درد، يبوست،
و اسهال نيز
گاهی اوقات
ايجاد می شود.
کپسول های
اسپانسول
ففول به منظور
کاهش احتمال
آزردگی ، گوارشی
ساخته می شوند.
در زمينة واکنش
های حساسيتی
گزارش های
زيادی وجود
نداشته است.
Over dosage: Iron over dosage is dangerous particularly particularly in children, and requires
immediate attention. Treatment is necessary if more than
30 mg elemental iron per kilogram of body weight has been
ingested. In the first phase, 30 minutes to 6 hours after
ingestion, symptoms may include abdominal pain, vomiting,
diarrhea and heamatemesis, within more severe cases, coma,
convulsions and shock. Symptoms then abate, with either
recovery, or within 12 hours after ingestion, deterioration.
Symptoms can then include severe lethargy or coma, gastriontestinal
haemorrhage, severe shock, metabolic acidosis, convulsions,
jaundice, coagulation disorders, hypoglycaemia, renal failure
and pulmonary oedema. These may occur up to 48 hours after
ingestion. In the last phase, 2 to 5 weeks after ingestion,
effects such as ancephalopathy, hepatic necrosis and pyloric
stenosis may occur. The sustained release SPANSULE capsule
presentation of ferrous sulphate may delay excessive absorption
of iron and allow more time for initiation of appropriate
counter measures. Gastric lavage should be carried out in
early stages, or if this is not possible, vomiting should
be induced. Give oral desferrioxamine (2 g for a child or
5 g for an adult) and demulcents. If serum iron levels at
4 hours or more post-ingestion are over 5 mg/l in a child
or 8 mg/l in an adult, or if the patient is in shock or
coma, intramuscular or intravenous desferrioxamine should
be used according to instructions for this product. Symptomatic
and supportive measures should be given as required.
Translation:
مصرف بيش
از اندازه
: مصرف بيش از
اندازة آهن
به ويژه درکودکان
خطرناک است
و نياز به مراقبت
فوری دارد.
چنانچه بيش
از 30 ميلی گرم
آهن عنصری
به ازای هر
کيلوگرم وزن
بدن دريافت
شده باشد،
درمان ضروری
است. درمرحلة
اول ، 30 دقيقه
تا 6 ساعت پس
از دريافت
دارو، ممکن
است علائمی
نظير درد شکم،
استفراغ ،
اسهال و هماتمز
(استفراغ خونی
) ايجاد شود
و درموارد
شديدتر اغماء،
تشنج و يا شوک
حاصل شود. سپس
علايم بهبود
می يابد و يا
در طی 12 ساعت
پس از دریافت
وخیم می شود.
پس از آن علایم
می تواند شامل
افت شدید سطح
هوشیاری و
یا اغماء،
خونریزی گوارشی
، شوک شديد،
اسيدوز متابوليکی
( بیماری ای
که به دنبال
از دست دادن
قليا و يا تجمع
اسيد دربدن
به وجود آيد
)، تشنج، يرقان
، اختلالات
انعقادی،
هيپوگليسمی
(کمبود غلظت
گلوکز درخون
که باعث بروز
حالات عصبی،
کاهش درجه
حرارت بدن،
سردرد، گیجی
و منگی و برخی
اوقات تشنج
و اغماء می
شود)، نا رسایی
کلیوی و ادم
ریوی ( ادم: تجمع
غیر طبیعی
مایع در فضاهای
بينابينی
بدن )باشد. اين
علايم ممکن
است تا 48 ساعت
پس ازمصرف
دارو ايجاد
شود. درمرحلة
پايانی ، 2 تا
5 هفته پس از
مصرف دارو،
عوارضی نظير
آنسفالوپاتی
( اختلال درعملکرد
مغز) ، تخريب
کبد و تنگی
پيلور (دريچة
خروجی معده
) ممکن است ايجاد
شود. کپسول
اسپانسول
پيوسته رهش
حاوی فروس
سولفات ممکن
است جذب آهن
بيش از حد را
به تأخير اندازد
و زمان بيشتری
را برای آغاز
اقدامات خنثی
سازی مناسب
فراهم کند.
بهتر است در
مراحل اوليه
شستشوی معده
انجام شود
و چنانچه اين
کار امکان
پذير نيست
، بايد بيمار
را وادار به
استفراغ کرد.
به بيمار از
راه دهان دسفريوکسامين
(2 گرم برای کودکان
و 5 گرم برای
بزرگسالان
)و يا داروی
روغنی بدهيد.
چنانچه غلظت
آهن در سرم
خون ظرف 4 ساعت
و يا زمان بيشتری
پس از دريافت
دارو بيش از
5 ميلی گرم درليتر
درکودکان
و يا 8 ميلی گرم
در ليتر در
بزرگسالان
باشد، و يا
اگر بيمار
در شوک و يا
اغماء قراردارد،
بهتر است از
تزريق عضلانی
و يا وريدی
دسفريوکسامين
طبق دستورالعمل
اين دارو استفاده
شود. درصورت
لزوم بايد
اقدامات درمان
علامتی و يا
حمايتی انجام
شود.
PHARMACEUTICAL PRECAUTIONS
Store in a cool, dry place and protect
from light.
Translation:
احتياط
های دارويی
دارو را
درمکانی خنک
و خشک و دور
از نور نگهداری
کنيد.
FURTHER-INFORMATION
The formulation of FEFOL sustained –release
capsules enables the iron to be released in the small intestine,
where absorption is greatest, rather than in the stomach
where it can cause gastric irritation.
Keep out of reach of children to avoid
accidental iron poisoning. Inactive ingredients include
sucrose.
Translation:
اطلاعات
بيشتر
فرمول خاص
کپسول های
پيوسته رهش
ففول سبب می
شود که آهن
در رودة کوچک
آزاد شود جايی
که بيشترين
جذب آهن صورت
می گيرد، نه
اينکه درمعده
آزاد شود که
می تواند سبب
آزردگی معده
شود.
به منظور
جلوگيری ازمسموميت
اتفاقی با
آهن، دارو
از دور از دسترس
کودکان نگه
داريد، ازجمله
عناصر غيرفعال
موجود دراين
دارو ساکروز
است.
INSTRUCTION TO THE PATIENT –THIS –IS
–A- MEDICAMENT
-A Medicament is a product which affects
your health, and its consumption contrary to instruction
is dangerous for you.
-Follow strictly the doctor’s prescription,
the method of use and the instructions of the pharmacist
are experts in medicine, its benefits and risks.
-Do not by yourself interrupt period
of treatment prescribed for you.
-Do not repeat the same prescription
without consulting your Doctor.
Keep medicament out of the reach of children.
Translation:
دستورالعمل
برای بيماران
- اين دارو است
- « دارو » ،
محصولی است
که سلامت شما
را تحت تاثير
قرار می دهد
و مصرف آن درصورت
مغايرت با
دستورالعمل
برای شما خطرناک
است .
- از تجويز
پزشک، روش
استفاده از
دارو و دستورالعمل
های داروساز،
که در دارو،
فوايد و مضرات
آن متخصص هستند،
به طور دقيق
پيروی کنيد.
- به دلخواه
خود مصرف دارو
را قطع نکنيد.
- بدون مشورت
با پزشک از
تکرار نسخة
پژشک خودداری
کنيد .
دارورا
دور از دسترس
کودکان نگه
داريد.
SMITHKLINE & FRENCH LABS. LTD.
Welwyn Garden City
Hertfordshire, England AL71Ey
Translation:
آزمايشگاه
های اسميت
کلاين و فرانسه
گاردن و
لوين
هرت فورد
شاير، انگلستان
AL71EY
FEFOL
and SPASULE are trademarks
A smithkline Beecham company.
Smithkline & French Labs Ltd (1991)
31864
Translation:
ففول
و اسپانسول
نام های تجاری
هستند.
شرکت
بيکهام اسميت
کلاين.
آزمايشگاههای
اسميت کلاين
و فرانسه (1991)
31864
7. Results and Discussion
In this section the results attained from the translation of drug leaflets
will be analyzed in order to gain some information about
the translatability of drug leaflets as well as the translatability
of medical and chemical terms existing in these leaflets.
Then, a comparison will be made between the translations of drug leaflets done
by the researcher and the leaflets of the drugs provided
in the country.
In the following, the outcomes of the questionnaires filled by the patients
and physicians will be examined including the percentage
of pros and cons among patients as well as physicians by
using tables.
Finally, a conclusion
will be drawn from the interviews with patients based on
the translations of the leaflets done by the researcher
and the leaflets provided in Iran to find out to what extent
these leaflets are comprehensible and helpful for the patients.
8. Results of the translations of drug leaflets and the study of the translatability
of drug leaflets
In this section, the translations of the leaflets done by the researcher will
be tabulated in order to figure out the translatability
of drug leaflets and the translatability of their medical
and chemical terms.
As what Nida (1982),
Newmark (1993), Fischbach (1961) and other translation theoreticians
have mentioned, in technical and medical translations, the
language of the target (T) should be lucid, straightforward
and comprehensible for the T audience. The translations
of such texts, at times, can be more precise and more correct
than the original texts. The translator can have this freedom
to change word order and sentence order. It is the translator's duty to correct the imperfect original language while translating the text into the T language.
In medical translation, a group of people, i.e. a team,
is needed involving translators, medical men, stylists,
editors, typists, and proof readers. Only being familiar
with the terminology of these texts would not suffice, possessing
the know-how of the source language as well as the target
language and how to convey the meaning of the original texts
are of great importance.
|
Descri-ption |
Phoneti-cally persiani-zed
|
Common word in persian
|
Equiva-lence |
Translation |
Types of Transla-tion |
| Name of the drug & medical or chemical terms |
| |
* |
* |
|
آیرونورم |
(1) Ironorm |
| |
* |
* |
|
فروس
سولفات خشک |
Ferros Sulphate |
| |
* |
* |
|
فولیک
اسید |
Folic Acid |
| |
* |
* |
|
تیامین
هیدروکلرید |
Thiamine Hydrochloride |
| |
* |
* |
|
ریبوفلاوین |
Riboflavine |
| |
* |
* |
* |
اسید
اسکوربیک (Cویتامین
) |
Ascorbic Acid |
| |
* |
* |
|
نیکوتینامید |
Nicotinamide |
| |
* |
* |
|
لسیتین |
Lecithin |
| |
* |
* |
|
ژلاتین |
Gelatin |
| |
|
* |
|
گلیسرین |
Glycerin |
* |
|
* |
|
محلول سوربیتال(
قند الکلی
شش کربنه
که در تعداد
زیادی از
میوه ها وجود
دارد) |
Sorbital Solution |
| |
* |
* |
|
پتاسیم
سوربات |
Potassium
Sorbate |
| |
* |
* |
|
اکسید
آهن سیاه |
Black Iron Oxide |
* |
* |
* |
|
کارمین قرمز
رنگ (ماده
قرمز رنگی
که به عنوان
یک رنگ فیزیولوژیک
کاربرد دارد) |
Carmine Red |
| |
* |
* |
|
اکسید
آهن زرد رنگ |
yellow Iron Oxide |
| |
* |
* |
|
دی
اکسید تیتانیوم |
Titanium Dioxide |
| |
* |
* |
|
ویتامین |
Vitamin |
| |
|
* |
|
تتراسایکلین |
Tetracyclines |
| |
|
* |
|
کلستیرامین |
Cholestyramine |
| |
|
* |
|
کپسول |
Capsule |
| |
|
* |
|
پنی
سیلین |
Penicillamine |
| |
|
* |
|
کلرامفنیکل |
Chloramphenicol |
قرمز
رنگ( ماده قرمز
رنگی که به
عنوان یک رنگ
فیزیولوژیک
کاربرد دارد).
Most of these chemical terms are common words in Persian, e.g., Gelatin, Glycerin,
Vitamin, capsule,…. and they can be understood without the
need of any explanation or description. There are a lot
of such terms which are phonetically Persianized, e.g.,
Frros Sulfate, Folic Acid, Riboflavine, but they cannot
be translated into Persian and can become familiar to the
T audience by taking these drugs and going to the internists
repeatedly.
Desc-rip-tion |
Phoneti-cally Persiani-zed |
Common word in Persian |
Equiva-lence |
Translation |
Types of Translation |
| Name of the drug & medical or chemical terms |
| |
|
* |
|
ففول |
(2) Fefol |
| |
* |
* |
|
فروس
سولفات خشک
شده |
Ferros Sulphate |
| |
|
* |
|
فولیک
اسید |
Folic Acid |
| |
|
* |
|
کپسول
اسپانسول |
Spansule Capsule |
* |
* |
* |
|
هموکروماتوز(یکی
از اختلالات
متابولیسم
آهن که به
صورت رسوب
آهن در بافت
ها، برنزه
شدن پوست،
پیگمانتاسیون،
سیروز کبدی
و دیابت شیرین
بروز می کند) |
Haemochro-matosis |
| |
* |
* |
|
کم
خونی همالیتیک |
Haemolytic Anaemia |
* |
|
* |
|
آپلازی(عدم
تکوین کامل
یک ارگان
یابافت و
یا محصولات
سلولی یک
ارگان یا
بافت) |
Aplasia |
* |
|
* |
|
کم
خونی پرنسیوز
(کم
خونی وخیم) |
Pernicious Anaemia |
| |
|
* |
|
تتراسایکلین |
Tetracycline |
| |
|
* |
|
پنی
سیلامین |
Penicillamine |
* |
|
* |
|
اسیدوز
متابرلیکی
(بیماری ای
که به دنبال
از دست دادن
قلیا و یا
تجمع اسید
در بدن به
وجود می آید) |
Metabolic Acidosis |
* |
|
* |
|
ادم
ریه(ادم: تجمع
غیر طبیعی
مایع در فضا
های بینا
بینی بدن) |
Pulmonary Oedema |
* |
|
* |
|
آنسفالوپاتی(اختلال
در عملکرد
مغز) |
Ancephalopathy |
* |
|
* |
|
تنگی
پیلور (پیلور:
دریچۀ خروجی
معده) |
Pyloric
Stenosis |
| |
|
|
* |
پیوسته
رهش |
Sustained Release |
| |
|
* |
|
دسفریوکسامین |
Desferrioxa-mine |
Table 2. Translation Procedure of Fefol Capsules.
In translating Fefol capsules, there are a number of words which are
common terms in Persian, e.g., Spansule Capsule, Haemolytic
Anemia, Aplasia, These terms are understandable for patients
who have been suffering from anemia for a long period of
time, but they can be explained or described for those who
are using Fefol Capsules for the first time. Some medical
terms have been described to be more comprehensible for
the T audience, e.g., Haemochromatosis, Aplasia, pernicious…
As a result, most of these terms cannot be translated and
a suitable equivalence cannot be found for them, but they
can gradually become common words in Persian by the consumers
using these kinds of drugs.
All technical and medical terms are somehow translatable. Some of
them with no special equivalence are identical to proper
names in English or terms borrowed from S language and these
terms would be comprehensible by the T audience, because
most of them are the names of the drugs, of microbes and
bacteria, or of different diseases; therefore, there would
not be much difficulty for T readership to grasp them.
Something
that is worth-mentioning about the addresses provided in
the leaflets is that the names of the countries, streets,
or companies can be Persianized to some extent but there
cannot be exact equivalence for them; for example, 52 Queen
Anne Street→ خیابان
کویین آن شماره
52 ; Smithkline & French Labs. LTD. →
آزمایشگاه
های اسمیت
کلاین و فرانسه; LEO Pharmaceutical Products→ محصولات
دارویی لئو.
Of course, these addresses are also understandable and tangible
for the T audience since in every day speech, they encounter
the names of countries, streets, or companies of other languages.
The study of the translatability
of drug leaflets based on statistics:
| Percentage |
Frequency |
Item |
| 3.17% |
2 |
Equivalence |
| 55.55% |
35 |
Common
Word in Persian |
| 26.98% |
17 |
Phonetically
Persianized Word |
| 14.28% |
9 |
Description |
| 100% |
63 |
Total |
Table 3. The frequency distribution and
percentage & chemical terms & expressions related to Ironorm & Fefol leaflets (Number of words: 63).
Figure 1. The
frequency distribution and percentage & chemical terms
& expressions
related to Ironorm & Fefol leaflets (Number
of words: 63)
9.
The comparison between the translations of drug leaflets
done by the researcher and the leaflets of drugs under study
In this section, the drug leaflets made in Iran are analyzed to reveal
that there would be no exact equivalent for chemical and
medical terms in the drug brochures; of course, there should
be some kind of explanation or description in parentheses
to make these terms and expressions comprehensible for the
T readers. These terms are usually phonetically Persianized
or are among common terms in Persian as they are actually
familiar and recognizable for the T audience. Patients who
are suffering from a kind of disease for a long time, e.g.,
diabetes, have this capability to figure out special terms
about their own disease such as 'ketoacidosis'. For patients
who are using the drugs of this special ailment for the
first time, these terms will not be understandable; hence,
it should be essential to place some explanation in parentheses
to make the words apprehensible.
In the following, some parts of the drug leaflets made in Iran are
presented and the chemical and medical terms of them will
be underlined to show that there is no special equivalence
for them.
آنتوم
پایین
آورنده چربی
خون گیاهی
آنتوم
از بذر و برگ
استاندارد
شده شبت با
نام علمی Anthum graveolens به همراه عصاره
استاندارد
شده لیمو عمانی
(Citrus aurantifolia) ، شاتره ( Fumaria parviflora ) و کاسنی
( cichorium intybus ) ، پس از انجام
آزمایش های
فارماکوگنوزی
( شاخه ای از
فارماکولوژی
که در مورد
داروهای طبیعی
و اجزاء تشکیل
دهنده آن ها
بحث می کند
) با شیوه های
علمی و روش
مخصوص به صورت
گرانول ( Granules ) و قرص تهیه
می گردد .
موارد
مصرف :
1- هیپرلیپیدامی – هیپرلیپوپروتئین
امی ( بالا
بودن میزان
کلسترول و
تری گلیسیریدهای
خون ) .
2- پیشگیری
و درمان آرتویواسکلروز
( ضخیم شدگی
دیواره شریان
ها و از بین
رفتن خاصیت
الاستیک آن
ها ) و عوارض
ناشی از آن
در عروق کرونر
قلب ( سکته های
مغزی و قلبی
).
3- کولیک
های
( قولنج ، درد
شکم ) صفراوی
.
4- نفخ
امعاء ، سکسکه
و دردهای دوران
قاعدگی .
نکات
قابل توصیه
:
به
علت احتمال
ایجاد فوتودرماتیت
( حالت غیر طبیعی
پوست که نور
عامل مهم در
ایجاد آن است
) به هنگام مصرف
این دارو از
قرار گرفتن
طولانی مدت
در معرض تابش
نور خورشید
و اشعه ماوراء
بنفش پرهیز
شود .
(2) قرص
پروپیل تیواوراسیل
نحوه
صحیح مصرف
دارو :
- بدون
اطلاع پزشک
از مصرف هم
زمان این دارو
با داروهایی
نظیر آمینوفیلین
، تتوفیلین
، آمیودارون
، گلیسیرین
یده ، ید
، پتاسیم یداید
، ضد انعقادها
، کمارین
، گلوکزیدهای
دیژیتالین
و سدیم یداید
خودداری فرمایید
.
- در
صورت هر نوع
ضعف ، صدمه
، عفونت ، و
جراحی با پزشک
مشورت کنید
.
- در
صورت مصرف
دزاژ بالا
و یا طولانی
مدت دارو ،
غده تیروئید
و عملکرد آن
را تحت نظر
داشته باشید
.
مقدار
مصرف دارو
:
مقدار
مصرف هر دارو
را پزشک تعیین
می کند . مقدار
مصرف معمول
این دارو به
قرار زیر است
:
جوانان
و بزرگسالان
برای درمان
هیپرتیروئیدیسم
( فعالیت بیش
از حد غده تیروئید
) از راه خوراکی
:
ابتدا
mg 900-300 در 1 تا 4 دزمنقسم
تا میزان تیروئید
به حالت طبیعی
باز گردد .
توجه
: بیماران با
هیپرتیروئیدیسم
شدید ممکن
است تا gr 2/1 در روز
نیز مصرف نمایند
. برای نگهداری
در مان mg 600-50 در 1 تا
4 دزمنقسم بصورت
روزانه استفاده
می شود . در تیروتوکسیتوز
بحرانی ( بیش
فعالی غده
تیروئید ) mg 400-200 هر 4 ساعت در
طی 1 روز اول
علاوه بر مقادیر
دیگر مصرف
شده و سپس بعد
از فروکش کردن
بحران بیماری
، میزان مصرف
دارو به تدریج
کاهش می یابد
.
عوارض
جانبی :
عوارضی
که نیازمند
مراقبت پزشکی
باشند :
الف
– عوارض
با شیوع فراوان
: تب ملایم
و گذرا ، لوکوپنی
و التهاب یا
خارش پوست
.
ب- عوارض
با شیوع کمتر
: آگرانولوسیتوز ( کاهش گروهی
از گلبول های
سفید و ضایعاتی
در حلق و سایر
غشاء های مخاطی
، دستگاه گوارش
و پوست ) ، التهاب
یا درد مفاصل
، سندرم شبه
لوپوس ( گروهی
از بیماری
های پوستی
که ضایعات
آن ها مشخصاً
قرمز ، برجسته
و زخمی شونده
هستند ) و دردهای
عصبی محیطی
.
ج- عوارض
نادر : آنمی آپلاستیک ( کم خونی
آپلاستیک
) ، هیپوترومبینمی
، نروز کبدی
: سرفه و تنفس
کوتاه ، تورم
غدد لنفاوی
و بزاقی . ( نروز
: مرگ سلولی
)
(3) اریترومایسین
هشدار
:
- در
صورت عدم پیشرفت
در درمان حتماً
با پزشک مشورت
کنید .
- برای
جلوگیری از
ایجاد تب روماتیسمی
، دارو حداقل
به مدت 10 روز
در عفونت های
استرپتوکوکی
بتاهمولیتیک
نوع A مصرف
شود . ( همالیتیک
: لیز شدن گلبول
های قرمز )
به
عنوان ضد باکتری
:
400 میلی
گرم هر 6 ساعت
، یا 800 میلی
گرم هر 12 ساعت
.
عفونت
های شدید :
25-15 میلی
گرم به ازای
هر کیلوگرم
وزن هر 6 ساعت
.
عوارض
جانبی :
اختلالات
دستگاه معدی
– روده ای ( بصورت
کرامپ یا
انقباض عضلات
و ناراحتی
های معدی و
شکمی ) ، اسهال
، تهوع ، استفراغ
، عفونت های
زبان و حلق
، لکه های سفید
رنگ بر روی
دهان و زبان
، خارش واژن
.
As it has
been shown in the texts of leaflets made in Iran, there
is no special equivalence for chemical or medical terms
of leaflets such as cholesterol(کلسترول)
, aminophylline ( آمینوفیلین
), glycerin ( گلیسرین
) , capsule ( کپسول
), suspension ( سوسپانسیون
), anti – acids ( آنتی اسیدها
) , viral ( ویروسی
), non – steroid ( غیر استروئیدی
), allergy ( آلرژی
) , collagen ( کلاژن
) , and other examples underlined in the texts. All these terms are
comprehensible for the T audience because they encounter
these words in every day speech borrowed from other languages
but they are phonetically Persianized in the TL.
There are other terms in these texts with some kind of explanation
or description in parentheses to become more comprehensible
for the T audience; for example, pharmacognosy ( فارماکوگنوزی
: شاخه ای از
فارماکولوژی
که در مورد
داروهای طبیعی
و اجزاء تشکیل
دهنده آن ها
بحث می کند)
; hyperlipoproteinemia – hyperlipidemia (هیپرلیپوپروتئین
– هیپرلیپیدامی:
بالا بودن
میزان کلسترول
وتری گلیسیرید
خون) ; hyperthyroidism ( هیپرتیروئیدیسم
: فعالیت بیش
از حد غده تیروئید
) ; lupus (
لوپوس : گروهی
از بیماریهای
پوستی که ان
ها مشخصاً
قرمز ، برجسته
و زخمی شونده
هستند )
, and other examples which have been underlined in the texts. The comparison between the translated leaflets done by the researcher
and the drug leaflets made in Iran proves that most of the
chemical and medical terms are translatable to some extent
except for the names of drugs, and special names of the
chemical and medical terms as well as the names of some
diseases; they can be considered as common words or phonetically
Persianized terms in the TL. The important point is that
there should be extra information in parentheses for these
terms whenever possible to make them acceptable for the
T readership.
10. Results of Questionnaires filled by the patients
and physicians including the percentage of pros and cons
In this section, the results of questionnaires filled by the patients
and physicians have been tabulated and shown by the figures.
Tables and figures related to the questionnaires filled
by the patients are as follows:
Questions |
|
Scale |
| Mean |
Always |
Often |
Some-times |
Seldom |
Never |
|
4.0238 |
1
40.5 |
11
26.2 |
12
28.6 |
2
4.8 |
-
- |
Frequency
Percent |
1. The patients' attempt
to the read the drug brochures after having gone to
the physician |
|
3.6190 |
7
16.7 |
17
40.5 |
14
33.3 |
3
7.1 |
1
2.4 |
Frequency
Percent
|
2. Receiving the brochure from the drugstore |
|
3.5238 |
4
9.5 |
21
50.0 |
10
23.8 |
7
16.7 |
-
- |
Frequency
Percent |
3. Readability of the
words in the leaflets |
|
3.6905 |
5
11.9 |
25
59.5 |
7
16.7 |
4
9.5 |
1
2.4 |
Frequency
Percent |
4. The comprehensibility
of the contents of the brochures |
|
3.4286 |
5
11.9 |
16
38.1 |
14
33.3 |
6
14.3 |
1
2.4 |
Frequency
Percent |
5. Being the brochures
in Persian |
4.6667 |
33
78.6 |
5
11.9 |
3
7.1 |
1
2.4 |
-
- |
Frequency
Percent |
8. The urgency of receiving
the brochures to get adequate information about the
drugs |
Table (4.4.1a): The frequency distribution
and percentage of answers to the patients' reactions to
the drug leaflets.
Note: Based on the findings, 'The urgency
of receiving the brochures to get adequate information about
the drugs' has the greatest mean, i.e., 4.6667; and 'Being
the brochures in Persian' has the lowest mean, i.e., 3.4286.
| t |
Se |
S |
X |
N |
| 12.548 |
0.08286 |
0.53699 |
4.0397 |
41 |
Table (4.4.1b): The comparison between the mean of the
patients' reactions to the drug leaflets and hypothetical
mean table 3 (Q: 1-5 & 8).
Note: The observed t
from the amount of the critical table is greater than 5
percent (+1.64) at error level; therefore, the patients'
reactions to the drug leaflets are above the average level.
Figure (4.4.1): The comparison
between the mean of the patients' reactions to the drug
leaflets and hypothetical mean table 3 (Q: 1-5 & 8)
Questions |
|
Scale |
| Mean |
Always |
Often |
Some-times |
Seldom |
Never |
|
4.1667 |
18
42.9 |
17
40.5 |
4
9.5 |
2
4.8 |
1
2.4 |
Frequency
Percent |
6. Having obtained better information about the usage
of the drugs by reading leaflets |
|
4.2143 |
18
42.9 |
17
40.5 |
5
11.9 |
2
4.8 |
-
- |
Frequency
Percent
|
7. Becoming informed of side-effects of drugs by reading leaflets |
Table (4.4.2a): The frequency distribution
and percentage of answers to the effectiveness of drug brochures
for patients and giving them necessary information about
the drugs.
Note: Based on the findings, 'Becoming
informed of the side effects of drugs by reading leaflets'
has the greatest mean, i.e., 4.2143; and 'Having obtained
better information about the usage of the drugs by reading
leaflets' has the lowest mean, i.e., 4.1667.
| t |
Se |
S |
X |
N |
| 10.420 |
0.11425 |
0.74041 |
4.1905 |
41 |
Table (4.4.2b): The comparison between
the mean of the effectiveness of the drug brochures for
the patients and giving them the necessary information about
the drugs and the hypothetical mean table 3 (Q: 6-7).
Note: The observed t from the amount
of the critical table is greater than 5 percent (+1.64)
at error level; therefore, the effectiveness of the drug
brochures for the patients and giving them the necessary
information about the drugs are above the average level.
Figure (4.4.2): The comparison
between the mean of the effectiveness of the drug brochures
for the patients and giving them the necessary information
about the drugs and the hypothetical mean table 3 (Q: 6-7).
Questions |
|
Scale |
| Mean |
Always |
Often |
Some-times |
Seldom |
Never |
|
4.2927 |
22
52.4 |
13
31.0 |
3
7.1 |
2
4.8 |
1
2.4 |
Frequency
Percent |
9a. Physician |
|
3.2895 |
8
19.0 |
11
26.2 |
8
19.8 |
6
14.3 |
5
11.9 |
Frequency
Percent
|
9b. Pharmacist |
|
3.7692 |
10
23.8 |
15
35.7 |
10
23.8 |
3
7.1 |
1
2.4 |
Frequency
Percent
|
9c. Drug leaflets |
Table (4.4.3a): The frequency distribution
and percentage of answers to the resources of essential
information about drugs.
Note: Based on the findings, 'Physician' has the greatest
mean, i.e., 4.2927; and 'Pharmacist' has the lowest mean,
i.e., 3.2895.
| t |
Se |
S |
X |
N |
| 7.168 |
0.12180 |
0.78933 |
3.8730 |
41 |
Table (4.4.3b): The comparison between
the mean of the resources of essential information about
the drugs and the hypothetical mean table 3 (Q: 9)
Note: The observed t from the amount
of the critical table is greater than 5 percent (+1.64)
at error level; therefore, the resources for gaining the
essential information about the drugs are above the average
level.
Figure (4.4.3): The comparison
between the mean of the resources of essential information
about the drugs and the hypothetical mean table 3 (Q: 9).
Questions |
|
Scale |
| Mean |
Always |
Often |
Some-times |
Seldom |
Never |
|
4.6190 |
29
69.0 |
11
26.2 |
1
2.4 |
1
2.4 |
-
- |
Frequency
Percent |
10a. Receiving adequate instruction about the usage
of the drugs |
|
4.5238
|
26
61.9 |
13
31.0 |
2
4.8 |
1
2.4
|
-
- |
Frequency
Percent
|
10b. The side-effect before taking the medicine and experiencing its
side effect |
|
4.2619
|
19
45.2 |
18
42.9 |
2
4.8 |
3
7.1
|
-
- |
Frequency
Percent
|
10c. Knowing the points about which the patients should consult their
physicians |
Table (4.4.4a): The frequency distribution
and percentage of answers to effectiveness of fluent and
comprehensible translations of drug brochures for patients.
Note: Based on the findings, 'Receiving
adequate instruction about the usage of the drugs' has the
greatest mean, i.e., 4.6190; and 'Knowing the points about
which the patients should consult their physicians' has
the lowest mean, i.e., 4.2619.
| t |
Se |
S |
X |
N |
| 18.268 |
0.08037 |
0.52089 |
4.4683 |
41 |
Table (4.4.4b): The comparison between
the effectiveness of the fluent and comprehensible translations
of the drug brochures for the patients and the hypothetical
mean table 3 (Q: 10).
Note: The observed t from the amount
of the critical table is greater than 5 percent (+1.64)
at error level; so the effectiveness of the fluent and comprehensible
translations of the drug brochures for the patients is above
the average level.
Figure (4.4.4): The comparison
between the effectiveness of the fluent and comprehensible
translations of the drug brochures for the patients and
the hypothetical mean table 3 (Q: 10).
Questions |
|
Scale |
| Mean |
Always |
Often |
Some-times |
Seldom |
Never |
|
2.5000
|
-
- |
13
31.0 |
6
14.3 |
12
28.6 |
11
26,2 |
Frequency
Percent |
11. The reaction to untranslated drug brochures |
|
1.7143
|
-
- |
1
2.4 |
1
2.4 |
25
59.5
|
15
35,7 |
Frequency
Percent
|
14. The patients' response to fluent Persian translations |
|
4.5714
|
28
66.7 |
11
26.2 |
2
4.8 |
1
2.4 |
-
- |
Frequency
Percent
|
15. The general effectiveness of Persian drug brochures |
Table (4.4.5a): The frequency distribution
and percentage of answers to patients' reactions to translations
of drug leaflets.
Note: Based on the findings, 'The general
effectiveness of Persian drug brochures' has the greatest
mean,i.e., 4.5714; and 'The patients' response to fluent
Persian translations' has the lowest mean,i.e., 1.7143.
| t |
Se |
S |
X |
N |
| 0.953- |
0.07495 |
0.48576 |
2.9286 |
41 |
Table (4.4.5b): The comparison between
the patients' reactions to the translations of the drug
leaflets and the hypothetical mean table 3(Q: 11, 14, and
15).
Note: The observed t from the amount
of the critical table is less than 5 percent(-1.64) at error
level; so the patients' reactions to the translations of
the drug leaflets is below the average level.
Figure (4.4.5): The comparison
between the patients' reactions to the translations of the
drug leaflets and the hypothetical mean table 3(Q: 11, 14,
and 15)
Questions |
|
Scale |
| Mean |
Always |
Often |
Some-times |
Seldom |
Never |
|
3.4286
|
1
2.4 |
23
54.8 |
13
31.0 |
3
7.1 |
2
4.8 |
Frequency
Percent |
12. The presence of medical terms & expressions
in translated leaflets |
|
2.9524
|
-
- |
13
31.0 |
17
40.5 |
9
21.4
|
3
7.1 |
Frequency
Percent
|
13. The comprehensibility of these terms & expressions |
Table (4.4.6a): The frequency distribution
and percentage of answers to present condition of leaflets
translations.
Note: Based on the findings, 'The presence
of medical terms & expressions in translated leaflets'
has the greatest mean, i.e., 3.4286; and 'The comprehensibility
of these terms & expressions' has the lowest mean, i.e.,
2.9524.
| t |
Se |
S |
X |
N |
| 1.686 |
0.11297 |
0.73212 |
3.1905 |
41 |
Table (4.4.6b): The comparison between
the present condition of the translations of the leaflets
and the hypothetical mean table 3(Q: 12, 13)
Note: The observed t from the amount
of the critical table is greater than 5 percent (+1.64)
at error level; so the present condition of the translations
of the leaflets is above the average level.
Figure (4.4.6): The comparison between
the present condition of the translations of the leaflets
and the hypothetical mean table 3(Q: 12, 13).
Tables and figures related to the questionnaires
filled by the physicians are as follow:
Questions |
|
Scale |
| Mean |
Always |
Often |
Some-times |
Seldom |
Never |
|
4.7619 |
34
81.0 |
6
14.3 |
2
4.8 |
-
- |
-
- |
Frequency
Percent |
1a. Dosage |
|
4.2381 |
18
42.9 |
16
38.1 |
8
19.0 |
-
- |
-
- |
Frequency
Percent
|
1b. Important side-effect of drugs |
| 3.9756 |
15
35.7 |
13
31.0 |
10
23.8 |
3
7.1 |
-
- |
Frequency
Percent
|
1c. Common side-effects of drugs |
| 4.7381 |
35
83.3 |
5
11.9 |
1
2.4 |
-
- |
1
2.4 |
Frequency
Percent
|
1d. Dosing intervals |
| 4.6190 |
29
69.0 |
11
26.2 |
1
2.4 |
1
2.4 |
-
- |
Frequency
Percent
|
1e. Method of usage( oral, injection, or nasal) |
| 3.6667 |
7
16.7 |
19
45.2 |
11
26.2 |
5
11.9 |
-
- |
Frequency
Percent
|
1f. Interaction with other drugs |
| 3.8333 |
11
26.2 |
18
42.9 |
8
19.0 |
5
11.9 |
-
- |
Frequency
Percent
|
1g. Interaction with food |
| 4.6429 |
30
71.4 |
10
23.8 |
1
2.4 |
1
2.4 |
-
- |
Frequency
Percent
|
1h. Duration of dosage |
Table (4.4.7a): The frequency distribution
and percentage of answers to how the physicians present
drug information to patients.
Note: Based on the findings, 'Dosage' has
the greatest mean, i.e., 4.7619; and 'Interaction with other
drugs' has the lowest mean, i.e., 3.6667
| t |
Se |
S |
X |
N |
| 17.90 |
0.07332 |
0.47518 |
4.3125 |
41 |
Table (4.4.7b): The comparison between
the mean of how the physicians present the drug information
to the patients and the hypothetical mean table 3(Q: 1).
Note: The observed t from the amount of
the critical table is greater than 5 percent (+1.64) at
error level; therefore, the physicians' attempt to give
the drug information to the patients is above the average
level.
Figure (4.4.7): The comparison
between the mean of how the physicians present the drug
information to the patients and the hypothetical mean table
3(Q: 1).
Questions |
|
Scale |
| Mean |
Always |
Often |
Some-times |
Seldom |
Never |
|
3.000 |
8
19.0 |
5
11.9 |
11
26.2 |
9
21.4 |
6
14.3 |
Frequency
Percent |
2a. Composition of the drugs |
|
3.9756 |
17
40.5 |
12
28.6 |
6
14.3 |
6
14.3 |
-
- |
Frequency
Percent
|
2b. Side-effects of drugs |
| 4.2381 |
22
52.4 |
9
21.4 |
10
23.8 |
1
2.4 |
-
- |
Frequency
Percent
|
2c. Symptoms of allergies to the drugs |
Table (4.4.8a): The frequency distribution
and percentage of answers to the necessity of giving drug
information to the patients.
Note: Based on the findings, 'Symptoms
of allergies to the drugs' has the greatest mean, i.e.,
4.2381; and 'Composition of the drugs' has the lowest mean,
i.e., 3.000.
| t |
Se |
S |
X |
N |
| 3.269 |
0.16416 |
1.05113 |
3.5366 |
40 |
Table (4.4.8b): The comparison between
the mean of the necessity of giving the drug information
to the patients and the hypothetical mean table 3(Q: 2).
Note: The observed t from the amount
of the critical table is greater than 5 percent (+1.64)
at error level; therefore, the necessity of giving the drug
information to the patients is above the average level.
Figure (4.4.8): The comparison
between the mean of the necessity of giving the drug information
to the patients and the hypothetical mean table 3(Q: 2).
Questions |
|
Scale |
| Mean |
Always |
Often |
Some-times |
Seldom |
Never |
|
4.0238
|
15
35.7 |
15
35.7 |
10
23.8 |
2
4.8 |
-
- |
Frequency
Percent |
3. The study of drug leaflets by the physicians |
Table (4.4.9a): The frequency distribution
and percentage of answers to the physicians' knowledge of
the drug leaflets.
Note: Based on the findings, 'The study
of the drug leaflets by the physicians' has the mean which
equals to 4.0238.
| t |
Se |
S |
X |
N |
| 11.053 |
0.10232 |
0.66314 |
4.1310 |
41 |
Table (4.4.9b): The comparison between
the mean of the physicians' knowledge of the drug leaflets
and the hypothetical mean table 3(Q: 3).
Note: The observed t from the amount
of the critical table is greater than 5 percent (+1.64)
at error level; therefore, the physicians' knowledge of
the drug leaflets is above the average level.
Questions |
|
Scale |
| Mean |
Always |
Often |
Some-times |
Seldom |
Never |
|
3.5128
|
11
26.2 |
12
28.6 |
6
14.3 |
6
14.3 |
4
9.5 |
Frequency
Percent |
4. Physicians'
interest in the study of translations of drug brochures |
|
2.7000
|
3
7.1 |
7
16.7 |
12
28.6 |
11
26.2 |
7
16.7 |
Frequency
Percent |
5. Physicians' discovery that leaflets translations
give incorrect information to the patients |
|
2.2195
|
2
4.8 |
3
7.1 |
11
26.2 |
11
26.2 |
14
33.3 |
Frequency
Percent |
6. Physicians' insistence on the patients' reading the
leaflets for further information |
|
3.4286
|
14
33.3 |
8
19.0 |
9
21.4 |
4
9.5 |
7
16.7 |
Frequency
Percent |
8. The effect of leaflets being translated into Persian
for patients in general |
Table (4.4.10a): The frequency distribution
and percentage of the physicians' answers to the necessity
of translating the drug brochures.
Note: Based on the findings, 'Physicians'
interest in the study of the translations of the drug brochures'
has the greatest mean, i.e., 3.5128; and ' Physicians' insistence
on the patients' reading the leaflets for further information'
has the lowest mean, i.e., 2.2195.
| t |
Se |
S |
X |
N |
| 0.207 |
0.17252 |
1.11806 |
3.0357 |
41 |
Table (4.4.10b): The comparison between
the mean of the necessity of translating the drug brochures
and the hypothetical mean table 3(Q: 4-6&8).
Note: The observed t from the amount
of the critical table is less than 5 percent (- 1.64) at
error level; therefore, the necessity of translating the
drug brochures is below the average level.
Figure (4.4.10): The comparison
between the mean of the necessity of translating the drug
brochures and the hypothetical mean table 3(Q: 4-6&8).
Questions |
|
Scale |
| Mean |
Always |
Often |
Some-times |
Seldom |
Never |
|
2.5263 |
2
4.8 |
7
16.7 |
7
16.7 |
15
35.7 |
7
16.7 |
Frequency
Percent |
7a. Because leaflets are not available for patients |
|
3.1750 |
6
14.3 |
11
26.2 |
11
26.2 |
8
19.0 |
4
9.5 |
Frequency
Percent |
7b. Because patients are less literate or illiterate |
|
2.4500 |
2
4.8 |
6
14.3 |
11
26.2 |
10
23.8 |
11
26.2 |
Frequency
Percent |
7c. Because leaflets are not readable |
|
3.5526 |
7
16.7 |
12
28.6 |
15
35.7 |
3
7.1 |
1
2.4 |
Frequency
Percent |
7d. Because the medical terms & expressions are
incomprehensible to the patients |
|
3.1000 |
7
16.7 |
8
19.0 |
12
28.6 |
8
19.0 |
5
11.9 |
Frequency
Percent |
7e. Because drug brochures are not in Persian |
|
4.1429 |
20
47.6 |
12
28.6 |
7
16.7 |
2
4.8 |
1
2.4 |
Frequency
Percent |
7f. Because the side-effects cause anxiety in the patients |
|
3.3421 |
8
19.0 |
7
16.7 |
16
38.1 |
4
9.5 |
3
7.1 |
Frequency
Percent |
7g. Because there is no consistency between the physicians'
explanations & those of the leaflets |
Table (4.4.11a): The frequency distribution
and percentage of answers to the reason of physicians' recommendation
to the patients not to read the drug brochures.
Note: Based on the findings, 'Because
the side-effects cause anxiety in the patients' has the
greatest mean, i.e., 4.1429; and 'Because leaflets are not
readable' has the lowest mean, i.e., 2.4500.
| t |
Se |
S |
X |
N |
| 2.017 |
0.11975 |
0.77605 |
3.2415 |
41 |
Table (4.4.11b): The comparison between
the mean of the reason of physicians' recommendation to
the patients not to read the drug brochures and the hypothetical
mean table 3(Q: 7).
Note: The observed t from the amount
of the critical table is greater than 5 percent (+1.64)
at error level; then, recommendation to the patients not
to read the drug brochures is above the average level.
Figure (4.4.11): The comparison
between the mean of the reason of physicians' recommendation
to the patients not to read the drug brochures and the hypothetical
mean table 3(Q: 7).
11. Results of interviews with patients
In this part, 35 patients at the age of 20-40 were interviewed
and asked some questions about the usage, side-effects,
and benefits of the drugs, comprehensibility of the leaflets
texts in general, comprehensibility of the medical and chemical
terms and expressions, acceptability of the drug names and
the chemical compositions for the T audience, the necessity
of description for the medical and chemical terms and expressions
in parentheses, the readability of the drug leaflets, the
fluency of the translations of the leaflets for the drug
consumers, and the necessity of the presence of leaflets
in the drug packages for T audience.
Each patient was given two or three translated brochures
done by the researcher and one brochure made in Iran. Each
translated brochure was actually read by at least three
patients. Most of the patients believed that they could
receive enough information about the usage, side effects,
and benefits of the drugs by reading the brochures. The
medical and chemical terms and expressions are difficult
for them to understand, so there would be some explanation
or description about these terms and expressions in the
parentheses. The drug names and the chemical compositions
are not totally comprehensible for them although they are
acceptable in the T language since the T audience use them
in every day speech like many other terms borrowed from
other languages.
The drug leaflets are to some extent readable for the
drug consumers.
he important point is that the translations of the leaflets
were sometimes more understandable than the leaflets provided
for the T readers in Iran. The patients claimed that the
translations were fluent and comprehensible for them. They
emphasized that it would be very essential to receive the
drug leaflets from the pharmacists; in this case, they can
obtain vital information about the drugs and consult their
physicians if any problem occurs.
In the following, the results of interviews with the patients
have been tabulated.
The Findings based on interviews:
| Questions |
Frequency |
Percent |
Frequency |
Percent |
Frequency |
Percent |
| |
Yes |
Yes |
To Some Extent |
To Some Extent |
No |
No |
| 1. The information about the drug
usage in the leaflets for patients |
28 |
80% |
7 |
20% |
0 |
0% |
|
2. The information about the side-effects
of the drugs |
30 |
80.71% |
4 |
11.42% |
0 |
0% |
| 3. The information about the benefits
of the drugs |
33 |
94.28% |
1 |
2.85% |
1 |
2.85% |
| 4. Comprehen-sibility of the leaflets
texts in general |
32 |
91.42% |
3 |
8.57% |
0 |
0% |
| 5. The comprehensibility of the medical
& chemical terms & expressions |
13 |
37.14% |
20 |
57.14% |
2 |
5.71% |
| 6. The acceptability of the drug
names & the chemical compositions for the T audience |
26 |
74.28% |
8 |
22.85% |
1 |
2.85% |
| 7. The necessity of description for
the medical & chemical terms & expressions
in parentheses |
33 |
94.28% |
1 |
2.85% |
1 |
2.85% |
| 8. The readability of the drug leaflets |
20 |
57.14% |
15 |
42.85% |
0 |
0% |
| 9. The fluency of the translations
of the leaflets for the drug consumers |
24 |
68.57% |
10 |
28.57% |
1 |
2.85% |
| 10. The necessity of the presence
of leaflets in the drug package for T audience |
35 |
100% |
0 |
0% |
0 |
0% |
Table (4.5.1): The frequency distribution
and percentage of the pros and cons among the interviewees
(patients) about the drug leaflets (N: 35 patients).
12. Conclusion
The most important point in translating technical and
scientific texts is the terminology. The terms would be
transferred in such a way to be understandable or at least
acceptable for the T readership. The translated texts can
sometimes be more straightforward and comprehensible than
the original texts of sciences as it was mentioned by translation
theoreticians including Nida (1982), Newmark (1993), Fischbach
(1961), and Borja Albi (2000).
Since all sciences are interrelated, in this project,
an attempt was made to practice and analyze the translations
of the medical texts of the drug brochures, and specially
the medical and chemical terms and expressions which exist
in these brochures. Based on the achievements of this research,
most of these terms and expressions are translatable to
some extent and equivalence can be found for them. For those
terms, which cannot be translated, it would be necessary
to explain or describe them in parentheses. The names of
the drugs and chemical terms can be phonetically Persianized
in the TL to be acceptable for the T audience.
Some terms can actually become common words in Persian
such as Steroid, Gelatin, Sodium, Polyethylene to name just
a few. These terms are acceptable for the target readership
like many other words borrowed from other languages such
as Radar, Computer, Television, Radio, etc. Most of these
terms are just phonetically Persianized to be more clear
and fluent in the TL.
Based on the results coming from the questionnaire filled
by 42 patients at the age of 20-40 and 42 physicians, it
is vital to receive the drug brochures from the drug stores.
In this case, the patients can become more familiar with
the usage, side effects, duration of the usage, interactions
with food or with other medicaments and further information;
therefore, they can consult their physicians if any problems
take place.
Based on the outcomes of interviews done with 35 patients,
they can obtain enough information about the drugs by reading
the leaflets. They claimed that the side effects of the
drugs cannot cause much anxiety in them; therefore, they
can talk with the physician whenever a difficulty occurs.
According to them, sometimes the translated texts are more
fluent and understandable than the texts of the leaflets
provided for the drugs in Iran.
Just the technical terms and expressions, which especially
exist in the compositions of the drugs or other technical
parts of the leaflets, are difficult for them to understand
; hence, they believe that there should be a kind of explanation
or description in parentheses. The results of this section
have been statistically elaborated.
Most of the patients emphasized that when they refer to
a physician for some kind of disease, unfortunately most
of the time, the physician does not give them enough information
about the drug; therefore, it is essential for them to have
the drug brochures to gain extra data about the prescribed
medicine. As many of these brochures are not translated
and they are delivered to the patients in other languages
such as English, German, Spanish, French, etc., the patients
asserted that they need to receive the translated texts.
Many of the physicians also believed that the translated
brochures are helpful and effective for them to save their
time and receive enough information about the drugs. Most
of the time, they recommend their patients to read the drug
brochures to gain further information about the drugs. According
to some physicians, it would be effective to translate the
drug brochures into fluent Persian for the patients in general.
As a result, translating the texts of the drug leaflets
is a necessary task, something which is, for some reason,
neglected by the pharmaceutical companies. These texts are
totally translatable and beneficial for the T audience except
for some of the technical terms which can be replaced or
accompanied by a description.
Published - September 2008
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