|
|
Malay
Contents: 1.
Grammar and Spelling Section One - Grammar and Spelling 1. Pronouns: Pronouns in Malay do not determine gender: She is fat - Dia gemuk 2. Articles: The definite and indefinite article are (mostly) redundant, e.g. The sun is shining - Matahari bersinar (The word 'the' is not translated) 3. Plurals: The plural is formed by repeating the word, eg. The use of a plural form is not necessary when it can be recognised from context, eg. The birds are flying - Burung sedang berterbangan 4. Repetition of words: There are some words that should NOT be repeated, as repetition can alter the meaning, eg. The word for 'man' is 'orang', but 'orang-orang' means 'scarecrow.' 5. Numerical Coefficients: Malay has many 'numerical coefficients' called penjodoh bilangan such as orang (for man), ekor (for animals), biji (for fruits), buah (for large or irregular-shaped objects) and even for nuts and bolts. For example, Two tigers: Dua ekor harimau ('two-tail-tigers') 6. One-letter words: There are no one-letter words in Malay, all words are made up of a minimum of two letters. 7. Accents: The Malay character set is identical to English, with no accented characters. 8. Capitalisation: All formal forms of address representing titles and names, countries, days, months etc. should be capitalised. A capital letter is used in Malay in the following instances: - a) when it is the first letter of a sentence
b) when it is the first letter of a proper noun
c) when it is the first letter of direct speech
d) for the main words in titles of books, films etc.
Section Two - Punctuation 1. Full stops: Full stops are used at the end of a sentence, heading, subtitle, bullet point. They are not used in dates or no. of pages unless they are abbreviated. 2. Speech marks: Speech marks are used as in English: 1. 'Give me more work!', shouted Chloe. 2. 'Would anyone like some tea?' asked George. 3. 'I'm bored - can I go home now?', Michala said. 3. Apostrophes: Apostrophes are not used. 4. Colons, semi-colons, ellipsis and brackets: The use of colons, semi-colons, ellipsis and brackets is identical to English. 5. Capitalisation is as follows:
Section Three - Measurements and Abbreviations 1. Measurements: Both metric and imperial measurements are used in Malay: mm - millimetre - milimeter There are some Malay-specific measurements, jengkal, tapak, hasta and depa, but these have been replaced by the metric system. Decimals are denoted with a point, thousands are separated with a comma: 4.5 cm, $15.80, 0.00006098 Malay uses the 12 hour clock and the words pagi, tengah hari, petang, and malam to signify AM and PM:
Eg: 10.30 am 10.30 - pagi Dates are written as follows: 20 February 2004 - 20 Februari 2004 There should always be a space between a figure and a measurement abbreviation, i.e. 10 cm. There is no space before a % symbol i.e. 10%. Currency is written as follows: £230 - £230 2. Abbreviations: Common English abbreviations can be rendered as the following: N/a no abbreviation available, Malay equivalent is tidak berkaitan EMEA (Europe, Middle-East & Asia) - EMEA (Eropah, Timur Tengah dan Asia) Days of the week: Seasons: Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter (not normally abbreviated
in English) The following abbreviations may look odd to a non-native
Section Four - Hyphenation Hyphens are used as in English, i.e. to hyphenate at the end of syllables (suku kata), not in the middle, e.g. ad-vantage , not adv-antage'. When words are split over lines, the syllables should be broken down by syllabic structure ie 'ber-lari', not 'be-rlari' To change singular nouns to plural form, a hyphen is used to separate the repeated word
For animal or insect names, a hyphen is used to separate the repeated word
To represent variety, a hyphen is used to combine two words that denote variety
To combine words and numbers which indicate a position or era 2nd - ke-2 Prefixes such as 'di' and 'ke' should either be 'joined' or 'separated by a space' with the following word, depending on the nature of the word, either if it's a verb or a special noun. E.g.: di London (no hyphen allowed in this instance as 'di' is followed by a special noun and must be separated by a 'space') ditarik (no hyphen allowed when 'di' is joined to a verb 'ditarik' = 'to pull') 'N' dashes (–) are more commonly used than the longer 'M' dashes (—) Section Five - Miscellaneous Peculiarities 1. Past tense: the word remains the same but is preceded by a word such as telah or sudah to denote that the task has been carried out in the past. E.g.: Dia sudah makan - He has eaten This is not required if the context indicates that the action is in the past tense. 2. Present continuous tense: the word remains the same but is preceded by a word such as sedang to denote that the task is currently being carried out E.g.: Dia sedang makan - He is eating 3. Place names: Some state and country names are spelt differently in Malay Penang - Pulau Pinang 4. Surnames: Surnames come AFTER first and middle names. Only the first letter of the surname is capitalised E.g.: Tom Cruise, John Abraham Lincoln 5. Bold and Italics: In Malay, text is written in bold to highlight a title, heading or word. Words are normally displayed in italics to denote the usage of a foreign word or a special name within a Malay sentence. Section Six - Geographic Distribution Malay is spoken principally in Malaysia and, to a lesser extent, in neighbouring Thailand and Singapore. Before 1945 its speakers extended through much of the Indonesian archipelago, but with the establishment of the Republic of Indonesia the Malay of that country was designated Indonesian. It is the official and national language in Malaysia where it is also known as Bahasa Malasia, and is the mother tongue of about 10 million people, or about half the total population. Speakers in Thailand number one million, in Singapore 250,000. Malay is a member of the Malayo-Polynesian family of languages. Beginning in the 14th century, with the conversion of many Malays to Islam, a variation of the Arabic script known as Jawi was used for writing. In the 19th century the British constructed a Roman-based alphabet that is in general use today. It differs slightly from that used in Indonesia, which was developed by the Dutch, but the resulting variations in spelling are in fact the only difference between the two languages. Like English and other languages, Malay has many different dialects, ranging from Batavian to Kelantanese. The dialects spoken in different states throughout Malaysia differ slightly in terms of slang and pronunciation but a native speaker can usually tell one dialect from another. Written Malay, used for correspondence, education, official matters, legal, financial and in the media is the same throughout Malaysia and is more formal in context. Malay contains many words of Sanskrit and Arabic origin. English words of Malay origin include orangutan, gingham, sarong, bamboo, rattan, kapok, paddy, and amok. Malay is spoken/used in the following countries: Section Seven – Character Set [ ] = Alt key codes
E-mail this article to your colleague! Need more translation jobs? Click here! Translation agencies are welcome to register here - Free! Freelance translators are welcome to register here - Free! |
|
|
Legal Disclaimer Site Map |