Hyphenation - some helpful hints
By Joanne O'Donnell
EuroLogos.com
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Something I have noticed
whilst proof-reading translations sent by freelance
partners over the last months has been the 'grey
area' that sometimes crops up surrounding hyphenation
in English. Hyphens (not the same as the dash)
join two or three words together into a 'compound'.
Guidelines on hyphenation can often be found
in the dictionary, but not always, and many
words lose their hyphens with time. Overuse
of hyphens becomes ridiculous, but where they
are omitted this can leave meaning ambiguous
or may cause your text to strike a native speaker
as having "something missing". In this article
we will try to provide some rough guidelines
for use.
Let us deal firstly with those cases in which
rules exist or hyphens are required for reasons
of meaning:
- First and foremost, hyphens should be used
as a general rule for compound adjectives
to clarify what is being described, e.g. a
light blue uniform is not necessarily
the same as a light-blue uniform and
a slow moving vehicle should probably
be written a slow-moving vehicle. Omission
in such cases can cause real confusion for
the reader.
- Equally important are those hyphens that
actually change the meaning of individual
words, such as resign / re-sign, recover
/ re-cover.
- You should also use the hyphen where non-use
would render a text ugly or difficult to read,
as with double vowels (re-elect).
- Prefixes are always hyphenated before proper
names, such as in pro-European.
Another important area of usage of hyphens
is that of numbers.
- Fractions are always hyphenated when attributive,
but not when they are used as nouns, e.g.
the work is three-quarters finished,
but we have seen a rise in production of
three quarters.
- One important rule to remember is to hyphenate
the numbers between twenty-one and
ninety-nine when writing them out in
full - a useful tip for filling in cheques
in English!
- Compound adjectives containing numbers
or formed from numbers also take hyphens:
a four-year-old child, a second-class
stamp (but not in cases such as
two weeks' holiday).
There are also some general rules governing
cases in which it is preferred not to use the
hyphen:
- Adverb-adjective modifiers where the adverb
ends in -ly do not take a hyphen, as in a
highly revered professor (a common pitfall).
- The hyphen is often omitted from frequently
used words such as cooperation or skiing.
- The use of hyphens often also depends on
grammar. In particular they tend to be omitted
where the words in the compound return to
their usual grammatical function, for example
we have long-term plans, but plans
for the long term.
The above provides some general guidelines
to using hyphens, although it can in no case
claim to be an exhaustive list. The best advice,
of course, is always to use a good dictionary
(Collins, Oxford, Chambers) together with a
solid grammar guide. But you will need your
own sense of the English language to determine
cases in which you have to use hyphens for the
sake of clarity. For example, what would you
want your reader to understand by a hard
working man?
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